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Energy Conversion and Management 46 (2005) 2053–2067 Transcritical CO2 heat pump systems: exergy analysis including heat transfer and fluid flow effects J. Sarkar, Souvik Bhattacharyya *, M. Ram Gopal Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India Received 21 June 2004; received in revised form 21 June 2004; accepted 24 October 2004 Available online 13 December 2004 Abstract This paper presents the exergetic analysis and optimization of a transcritical carbon dioxide based heat pump cycle for simultaneous heating and cooling applications. A computer model has been developed first to simulate the system at steady state for different operating conditions and then to evaluate the system per- formance based on COP as well as exergetic efficiency, including component wise irreversibility. The chosen system includes the secondary fluids to supply the heating and cooling services, and the analyses also com- prise heat transfer and fluid flow effects in detail. The optimal COP and the exergetic efficiency were found to be functions of compressor speed, ambient temperature and secondary fluid temperature at the inlets to the evaporator and gas cooler and the compressor discharge pressure. An optimization study for the best allocation of the fixed total heat exchanger inventory between the evaporator and the gas cooler based on heat transfer area has been conducted. The exergy flow diagram (Grassmann diagram) shows that all the components except the internal heat exchanger contribute significantly to the irreversibilities of the system. Unlike a conventional system, the expansion device contributes significantly to system irreversibility. Finally, suggestions for various improvement measures with resulting gains have been presented to attain superior system performance through reduced component irreversibilities. This study is expected to offer * Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 3222 282904; fax: +91 3222 255303. E-mail address: souvik@mech.iitkgp.ernet.in (S. Bhattacharyya). 0196-8904/$ - see front matter Ó 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2004.10.022 www.elsevier.com/locate/enconmanPDF Image | Transcritical CO2 heat pump systems
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