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2056 J. Sarkar et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 46 (2005) 2053–2067 i inner o outer ref refrigerant wi water inlet Fig. 1. Schematic layout of a transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump system. counter flow type where the refrigerant flows through the inner tube and water flows through the outer annulus. The internal heat exchanger is also a double pipe counter flow type with the war- mer refrigerant as the inner fluid, and the suction side refrigerant is the outer fluid in the annulus. Heat gain and heat loss with the environment are also indicated in the figure. The entire system has been modelled based on energy balances of the individual components of the system, yielding conservation equations. To consider the lengthwise property variation, all three heat exchangers have been discretized, and momentum and energy conservation equations have been applied to each segment. The following simplifying assumptions have been made for the analysis: 1. Compression process is adiabatic but not isentropic. 2. Pressure drops in all the connecting pipes and heat transfer between the connecting pipes and the ambient are negligible. Applying an exergy balance and energy conservation to each component of the system, the fol- lowing modular relations can be developed to yield the system model. 2.1. Evaporator The energy balance in the evaporator is given by Qevw þ Qevo 1⁄4 Qevr 1⁄4 m_ refðh6 h5Þ; ð1ÞPDF Image | Transcritical CO2 heat pump systems
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