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2058 J. Sarkar et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 46 (2005) 2053–2067 2.3. Gas cooler The energy balance in the gas cooler yields Qgcw þ Qgco 1⁄4 Qgcr 1⁄4 m_ refðh2 h3Þ; ð11Þ where Qgcr is the heat transferred from the refrigerant in the gas cooler, given by DPDP T0 XN i1⁄41 ðUAÞgciðLMTDÞgci; Qgco is the heat loss to the ambient. The heating effect Qgcw is given by Qgcw 1⁄4m_gcwcpwðTgco TgciÞ: The resulting irreversibility is expressed as Tgco ð12Þ ð13Þ Qgcr 1⁄4 Igc 1⁄4T0 m_gcwcpw lnT m_refðs2 s3Þ þIgcr þIgcw þQgco 1T gci : ð14Þ gcw The irreversibility due to pressure drop is given by IDPþIDP 1⁄4m_rDPgcrþm_gcwDPgcw; ð15Þ where DPgcw is the water side pressure drop in the gas cooler. The refrigerant side pressure drop gcr gcw qgcr qgcw DPgcr is estimated by the correlation [11] XN G2r Lgc DPgcr 1⁄4 q fgcrd þ1:2 ð16Þ i1⁄41 r gci i where the friction factor for the supercritical refrigerant flow is given by fgcr 1⁄4 1⁄20:79 lnðReÞ 1:642: ð17Þ 2.4. Expansion device The irreversibility during the expansion process is expressed as Iexp 1⁄4T0m_refðs5 s4Þ: ð18Þ 2.5. Internal heat exchanger The heat balance in the internal heat exchanger yields m_rðh1 h6Þ1⁄4m_rðh3 h4ÞþQhex0; ð19Þ where Qhex0 is the heat gain (+ sign) or loss ( sign) with the ambient.PDF Image | Transcritical CO2 heat pump systems
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