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Rapport 2414173 - October 2007 __________________________________________________________________ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. TABLE OF CONTENTS NATURAL REFRIGERANTS.......................................................................................4 1.1. Refrigeration and heat pumping .................................................................................4 1.2. A brief history of refrigerants.....................................................................................5 1.3. Natural refrigerants applications ................................................................................6 1.3.1. Isobutane (R600a) ...............................................................................................8 1.3.2. Propane (R290)....................................................................................................8 1.3.3. Ammonia (R717).................................................................................................8 CARBON DIOXIDE ......................................................................................................9 2.1. Properties....................................................................................................................9 2.2. Comparison of subcritical and transcritical cycles...................................................13 2.2.1. Characteristics of subcritical cycles ..................................................................13 2.2.2. Heat pumping with R744 : the transcritical cycle .............................................14 2.3. Optimum pressure with the transcritical cycle .........................................................15 2.4. Transcritical cycle vs. Traditional cycle...................................................................17 R744 HEAT PUMPS TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................17 3.1. The Ecocute system for tap water and heating.........................................................18 3.2. Green and Cool Chiller Systems ..............................................................................22 3.3. Vending machines and bottle coolers.......................................................................23 COMPONENTS FOR R744 HEAT PUMPS ...............................................................25 4.1. Compressors .............................................................................................................25 4.2. Evaporators...............................................................................................................31 4.3. Gas coolers ...............................................................................................................32 4.4. Expansion devices and controls................................................................................34 SAFETY GUIDELINES WHEN USING R744 IN HEAT PUMPS ............................37 5.1. R744 effects on health..............................................................................................37 __________________________________________________________________________________________ SHERPHA PROJECT - Transcritical R744 Heat Pumps – Technician's Manual 2/63PDF Image | Transcritical R744 (CO2) Heat Pumps 2017
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