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Rapport 2414173 - October 2007 __________________________________________________________________ 1. NATURAL REFRIGERANTS 1.1.Refrigeration and heat pumping Refrigeration and heat pumping effects can be produced via various processes. In this document, we will focus on the use of the vapor compression cycle, which has been the workhorse of the refrigeration industry for well over a century. Figure 1 shows the components of such a cycle in an air-to-air application. Figure 1 : Components of a refrigeration/heat pumping cycle This thermodynamic cycle consists in the compression of a vapor (the refrigerant, also called "working fluid"), followed by its liquefaction at a high pressure, during which the working fluid rejects heat to a medium, often air or water. This produces a heating effect, which is exploited in heat pumps. Following liquefaction, the pressure is lowered through an expansion device. The resulting vapor-liquid mixture is then evaporated at low pressure while taking up heat from a medium and hence producing a cooling effect, which is used for refrigeration. The vapor is then compressed to complete the cycle. In the so-called "traditional" cycle which may use HFCs of HCFCs, the liquefaction process occurs below the critical temperature1 of the refrigerant – hence the name of "sub-critical" cycle. This requires that the refrigerant critical temperature be above the temperature of the medium where heat is rejected. Condensing refrigerant vapor then yields a condensing 1 The temperature above which liquid cannot exist __________________________________________________________________________________________ SHERPHA PROJECT - Transcritical R744 Heat Pumps – Technician's Manual 4/63PDF Image | Transcritical R744 (CO2) Heat Pumps 2017
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