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1 Introduction Xin-Rong Zhang Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Energy Shortage and Energy-Saving Technology – Heat Pump With the fast development of human society and the rapid expansion of the human popula- tion, worldwide energy consumption has grown quickly during the last several decades. As for the year of 2017, primary energy, almost 13 511.2 million tons oil equivalent, was con- sumed around the world, an average growth rate of 1.7% per year in the period 2006–2016. Among the primary energy sources, up to 85% was non-renewable, such as oil, natural gas, and coal.1 Huge energy consumption leads to energy shortages as well as increasing carbon emissions, thus causing climate change. Finding, researching and using renewable energy and energy-saving technology become essential and urgent. Heating is an energy-intensive process in residences, industries and commercial areas, which usually utilizes fossil fuel or electricity as energy sources. Thanks to the develop- ment of renewable and energy-saving technologies, the process can be more efficient based on the new ways, and one of the most mature technologies is heat pump. Heat pump is an energy-efficient system which moves heat from low temperature side (heat source) to high temperature side (heat sink) with compressor work; it can supply more heat compared to traditional heaters with equal energy input, providing the potential of heat recovery to reduce primary energy consumption. Nowadays, heat pumps are applied not only as sin- gle heating systems, such as for direct heating, space heating, and water heating, but also as multi-function energy conversation systems like simultaneous heating and cooling, product drying and waste heat recovering, etc. As for the heat pump market, it shows considerable development in recent decades; around the world, for instance, the world heat pump mar- ket increased by 7.2% and almost two million units were sold in 2013.2 Therefore, heat pump becomes more and more indispensable in human society. 1 The data in this paragraph come from BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018. 2 Referenced from Growth in the world heat pump market by BSRIA Worldwide Marketing Intelligence. www.bsria.co.uk/news/article/growth-in-the-world-heat-pump-market. Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump: Fundamentals and Applications, First Edition. Xin-Rong Zhang and Hiroshi Yamaguchi. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd. Published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd. 1PDF Image | What is a heat pump
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