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operation can improve the COP by 7% through simulation analysis [5]. Besides, adding com- pressors is another basic modification which makes the cycle run as a multi-stage cycle to improve compressor efficiency by reducing the pressure ratio of each stage. Further, the arrangement of other devices like flash tanks and intercoolers can cool the exhausted gas at outlet of the low-pressure compressor, therefore enhancing energy efficiency. 1.3 Applications As mentioned in Section 1.2, transcritical CO2 heat pumps have more advantages in heating compared to subcritical heat pumps, especially for applications which need a large temper- ature increase. Transcritical CO2 heat pumps have the potential to be applied in various areas such as residential heating and commercial-size heating to satisfy the demand of hot water supply or hot air supply, and some types have already been popularized on the market such as residential CO2 heat pump water heaters. Next, several applications will be listed and briefly introduced. ● Transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater (as shown in Figure 1.7) has attracted people since the late 1980s due to its good performance in the supply of high temperature water with good COP, which benefited from well matching in the heat rejection process. This kind of water heater was commercialized in Japan and named “Eco Cute” in 2001. As Figure 1.6 shows, sales of Eco Cute in Japan grew rapidly and the cumulative number of installed units exceeded three million by 2011 with more than 400 000 sold every year by the leading companies like Denso, Sanyo, Sanden, and Mitsubishi Electric [7]. Based on its rapid growth, Japan established standard specifications for heat pump water heaters and it is the only country for the refrigerant CO2. The leading manufacturers continue to innovate products to meet different demands such as making heat pumps that operate in cold regions, [29] or enhance the performance of key components like compressors and gas coolers [7]. Compared to the mature market in Japan, the European market seems new and underexploited. Besides the domestic water heater market, some commercial 600 (1,000 units) 500 400 300 200 100 0 1.3 Applications 11 Figure 1.6 The market size of Eco-cute in Japan before the year of 2013 [7]. 05’ 06’ 07’ 08’ 09’ 10’ 11’ Year 12’ 13’ Market sizePDF Image | What is a heat pump
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
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