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Meanwhile, regulations in the EU, Japan, and the US aim to phase out HFCs in mobile air conditioning systems [32], thus CO2 is considered as one of the most suitable refrigerants for substitution. When using CO2 heat pumps in vehicles, it has been proven that the temperature can increase rapidly and the heating-up time can be reduced by 50% compared to that of the conventional heat cores [33]. Modifying the heat pump system by adding exhaust heat recovery and utilizing cabin return air were effective ways to adjust heating capacity; the former improving capacity by 100% compared to conventional heating [34] and the latter reducing heating load thus saving electricity power [35]. Further, heating perfor- mance can be influenced by outdoor temperature, outdoor air velocity, indoor tempera- ture, indoor air flow rate, CO2 charge volume and compressor speed [36], indicating that further optimization can be achieved for better energy efficiency. ● Transcritical CO2 heat pump applied in drying (as shown in Figure 1.9) has great potential owing to the good match of gas cooling to the air heating process, therefore leading to a higher air temperature and a larger moisture extraction rate. Compared with conventional refrigerants and conventional heaters, CO2 heat pumps have been tested and have proved competitive. Schmidt et al [37] concluded that the higher compressor efficiency can compensate for the large throttling losses for the CO2 cycle, resulting in an equivalent or even better performance compared with the R134a cycle. Klö cker et al [38] compared two CO2 heat pump prototypes with traditional electrical heaters for drying experimentally, showing that even 53% of energy can be saved. Moreover, in CO2 heat pump drying, the optimization of operating conditions is quite essential, such as air tem- perature, air flow rate, flow bypass ratio, etc., which can influence both the heat pump efficiency and drying performance. Fan Drying room Expansion valve Gas cooler Evaporator Dehumidification Compressor CO2 Heat Pump 1.3 Applications 13 Figure 1.9 The schematic of a CO2 heat pump dryer. Air ductsPDF Image | What is a heat pump
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
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