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14 1 Introduction 1.4 A Guide to This Book This book is not expected to include everything related to transcritical CO2 heat pump, but is expected to focus on the main parts of transcritical CO2 heat pump from the two aspects of fundamentals and applications. Chapter 1 provides background and motivation for the book. Chapter 2 presents fundamental concept and working principle for transcritical CO2 heat pump. Chapters 3–6 cover the fundamentals of the four basic processes of transcriti- cal CO2 heat pump, cooling, evaporation, expansion, and compression, respectively. Some design concepts are also involved. Chapter 7 is specially included to cover the most relevant study on subcooled CO2 cycles and aims to solve the main drawback of transcritical CO2 cycles. Chapters 8–10 focus on some important application examples of transcritical CO2 heat pump cycles. Here, it should be mentioned that the basic principle of transcritical CO2 heat pump is not only seen in Chapter 2, but also in other chapters. Similarly, CO2 thermophysical properties are also presented in some different chapters. However, the CO2 properties and principles are explained from the different views and requirements for the different chapters, such as from the phase change, from the subcooling, and from the cycle. References 1 Molina, M.J. and Rowland, F.S. (1974). Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone. Nature 249 (5460): 810–812. 2 Protocol, M. (1987). Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. Wash- ington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 26: 128–136. 3 Protocol, K. (1997). United Nations framework convention on climate change. Kyoto Protocol, Kyoto, 19: 497. 4 Petter, N. (2002). CO2 heat pump systems. International Journal of Refrigeration 25 (4): 421–427. 5 Austin, B.T. and Sumathy, K. (2011). Transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump systems: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (8): 4013–4029. 6 Kim, M. (2004). Fundamental process and system design issues in CO2 vapor compres- sion systems. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30 (2): 119–174. 7 Zhang, J.-F., Qin, Y., and Wang, C.-C. (2015). Review on CO2 heat pump water heater for residential use in Japan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 50: 1383–1391. 8 Shitsman, M.E. (1963). Impairment of the heat transmission at supercritical pressures. Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur 1 (2): 267–275. 9 Krasnoshchekov, E.A., Kuraeva, I.V., and Protopopov, V.S. (1970). Local heat transfer of carbon dioxide at supercritical pressure under cooling conditions. Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur 7 (5): 922–930. 10 Shiralkar, B.S. and Griffith, P. (1969). Deterioration in heat transfer to fluids at super- critical pressure and high heat fluxes. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer 91(1): 27–36. 11 Kurganov, V.A. and Kaptilnyi, A.G. (1993). Flow structure and turbulent transport if a supercritical pressure fluid in a vertical heated tube under the conditions of mixedPDF Image | What is a heat pump
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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