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ions (chloride) from brines with low energy consumption. The battery consists of a lithium intercalating positive electrode and a chloride capturing negative electrode. The electrodes are initially submerged in a lithium containing brine in their charged state. By applying a negative current to the cathode (Fig. 1, step 1), Li+ and Cl ions in the brine are captured in the electrodes. In the second step (Fig. 1, step 2) the brine is replaced with a recovery solution, in which the captured ions are released by reversing the current flow (Fig. 1, step 3). In the last step (Fig. 1, step 4) the recovery solution is exchanged with new brine, the battery being ready for the next recovery cycle. Fig. 1(b) schematically shows a possible potential profile of the battery in a lithium recovery cycle as a function of the charge state. As previously mentioned, during the first step the battery captures the ions from the brine. The lithium capture process is thermody- namically favored and thus in this step the device generates energy. In contrast, during the third step the battery consumes energy by releasing the ions in the recovery solution. The second and fourth steps involve energy consumption in the form of mechanical energy necessary to replace the solution, which is not considered in the present study. Thus, the energy consumed per cycle is given by the circular integral of the voltage with respect to the charge (eqn (1)): W 1⁄4 #CDEdq (1) The Gibbs free energy variation, which is determining the potential DE, is only due to entropic factors, i.e. the final and initial concen- trations of the ions in the brine and in the recovery solution. To demonstrate experimentally the validity of this new lithium recovery device, a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cationic electrode and a silver/silver chloride (Ag) anionic electrode were used as lithium and chloride capturing electrodes, respectively. The materials were selected based on their stability in aqueous solution, their working potentials, and the large quantity of ions stored per unit volume of material. With the aim of this work being the application of the device to recover lithium from brines in a saltpan plant, a deaerated solution of saturated NaCl (circa 5 M) was used as brine. The lithium concentration in seawater is approximately 0.2 ppm (or 30 mM)3 with a Li/Na molar ratio of 1/20 000, while in the brine the Li/Na ratio varies between 1/1000 and 1/10 000.5 Therefore, the removal of View Online Fig. 1 (a) Schematic representation of the working principle behind a complete cycle of the lithium recovery: step 1, lithium capture in brine water; step 2, exchange with recovery solution; step 3, lithium release in recovery solution; step 4, exchange with brine water. (b) Shape of a cycle of a battery cell voltage (DE) vs. charge (q) in the device, showing the required energy. Fig. 2 (a) Voltage profile of the device during the lithium capturing in the brine (first step). (b) Measured voltage during the lithium release in the recovery solution (third step). 9488 | Energy Environ. Sci., 2012, 5, 9487–9491 This journal is a The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Downloaded by Stanford University on 24 October 2012 Published on 17 September 2012 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/C2EE22977CPDF Image | Batteries for lithium recovery from brines
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)