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1/100 1/1000 1/10 000 0/1 Fig. 3 Energy cycle in the DE vs. q plot for the 1/100 sample (a), 1/1000 sample (b), 1/10 000 sample (c) and for the 0/1 sample (d). Table 2 Energy required to perform a cycle according to theory, and experimental values calculated by integrating the curve DE vs. q References 1 J. M. Tarascon, Nat. Chem., 2010, 2, 510. 2 T. Kitamura and H. Wada, Nippon Kaisui Gakkaishi, 1978, 32, 78. 3 R. Chitrakar, H. Kanoh, Y. Miyai and K. Ooi, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2001, 40, 2054–2058. 4 S. Tsuchiya, Y. Nakatani, R. Ibrahim and S. Ogawa, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 4936–4937. 5 D. E. Garrett, Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium Chloride: Their Deposits, Processing, Uses and Properties, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, Boston, 2004. 6 H. Grothe and W. Savelsberg, Z. Anal. Chem., 1937, 110, 81–94. 7 K. Yanagase, T. Yoshinaga, K. Kawano and T. Matsuoka, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1983, 56, 2490–2498. 8 H. Pauwels, M. Brach and C. Fouillac, Colloids Surf., A, 1995, 100, 73–82. 9 B. Ammundsen, D. J. Jones, J. Roziere and G. R. Burns, Chem. Mater., 1995, 7, 2151–2160. 10 R. Chitrakar, H. Kanoh, Y. Miyai and K. Ooi, Chem. Mater., 2000, 12, 3151–3157. 11 Q. Feng, Y. Miyai, H. Kanoh and K. Ooi, Langmuir, 1992, 8, 1861– 1867. 12 J. C. Hunter, J. Solid State Chem., 1981, 39, 142–147. 13 K. Ooi, Y. Miyai, S. Katoh, H. Maeda and M. Abe, Langmuir, 1990, 6, 289–291. 14 G. V. Leont’eva and L. G. Chirkova, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 1988, 33, 2196–2199. 15 X. M. Shen and A. Clearfield, J. Solid State Chem., 1986, 64, 270– 282. 16 H. Kanoh, Q. Feng, Y. Miyai and K. Ooi, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1995, 142, 702–707. 17 H. Kanoh, K. Ooi, Y. Miyai and S. Katoh, Sep. Sci. Technol., 1993, 28, 643–651. This journal is a The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Theoretical energy/ Experimental energy/ W h mol1 1 0.6 143 2012 3212 mW h 1.3 4.0 7.4 8.3 mol 1 View Online presented electrochemical methods, primarily because of the proper choice of the counter electrode for the capture of anions (chlorides). The overall process consists of the transferring of LiCl and NaCl from a solution with a low Li : Na ratio to one with a high Li : Na ratio (increase in the molar ratio more than 500 times). The energy needed for this process is related to the electrochemical losses in the system, while the entropic change is zero, or even slightly positive. Future work should focus on replacing silver with more suitable materials, in terms of both cost and stability.21 Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge financial support by the EU and the state NRW in the framework of the HighTech.NRW program and wish to thank Colin D. Wessells for his help in preparing the manuscript. 9490 | Energy Environ. Sci., 2012, 5, 9487–9491 Downloaded by Stanford University on 24 October 2012 Published on 17 September 2012 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/C2EE22977CPDF Image | Batteries for lithium recovery from brines
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |