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Membranes 2020, 10, 198 3 of 21 catholyte. Currently, to obtain sodium and potassium hydroxide, electro-membrane processes are used among other technologies [31,32], where the use of ion exchange membranes proves to be ideal for cations capture. The most commonly used membranes in alkaline processes are Nafion by DuPont, which exhibit the property of blocking the hydroxyl ions. This option has wide industrial application in the chlor-alkali process and in fuel cells [33]. As described above, several studies are underway for the recovery of lithium using membrane-based technologies. However, none of these technologies have reached industrial application and most of the focus is on membrane application at low electrolyte concentrations. The objective of this work is to study the performance of an electrodialysis membrane-based process to obtain lithium hydroxide monohydrated adequate for brines from Salar de Atacama (Chile) and determine process operating parameters. Thus, the objective is to generate knowledge and foundations to continue using this technique in obtaining a high purity product and subsequently implement a pilot-scale process. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Reactives and Materials The raw materials used were panreac quality, this means of a purity equal to or greater than 99%, of the product line Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water with a 0.054 mS/cm conductivity was used to prepare solutions. Five separate solutions, two anolytes and three catholytes were used. As anolyte, synthetic LiCl solutions with traces of impurities were used as shown in Table 1. The chemical composition of the anolyte is based in our previous research [34], where a concentrated lithium brine was purified in order to obtain magnesium concentration below 0.001 wt%. Anolyte 1 and anolyte 2 simulate a purified lithium brine in different dilution conditions, approximately 14 and 32 wt% LiCl, respectively. As a catholyte, three different LiOH solutions with concentrations of 1.15, 2.30 and 5.70 wt% were used. Species Li+ Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl− SO4 2− Anolyte 1 (gr/100 gr Solution) 2.200 0.038 0.200 0.003 0.0002 11.481 0.008 Anolyte 2 (gr/100 gr Solution) 4.152 0.071 0.378 0.007 0.0003 21.660 0.017 Table 1. Anolytes chemical composition. 2.2. Cell Design and Membrane Electrodialysis System This work involves the usage of membrane electrodialysis as a technique for separation of lithium ions and lithium hydroxide production. Figure 1 shows the method for obtaining LiOH in a membrane electrodialysis cell; a Li+ ion is transferred through a cationic membrane into a cathode compartment. In the cathodic half-reaction, an OH− ion is generated and LiOH is produced.PDF Image | Battery Grade Li Hydroxide by Membrane Electrodialysis
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