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3.2. Cell Voltage Versus Time Figure 4 presents cell voltage variation over time for all experiments. Obtained cell voltage in all experiments ranged from 3.86 to 7.82 V. In all cases, a slight decrease in cell voltage occurred, which Membranes 2020, 10, 198 9 of 21 was attributed to an increase in electrolyte conductivity as related to catholyte concentration increase. After two h of operation, in most tests a relatively constant voltage was reached with an average variation of 2.5%. For each experiment, different voltages corresponding to 1200, 2400 and 3600 A/m2 3.2. Cell Voltage Versus Time were observed, as expressed by the relation between current density and cell voltage, and explained Figure 4 presents cell voltage variation over time for all experiments. Obtained cell voltage in all by equation (4): experiments ranged from 3.86 to 7.82 V. In all cases, a slight decrease in cell voltage occurred, which Vcell =ΔEe + ηa +|ηc|+ (IR)a + (IR)c + (IR)m (4) was attributed to an increase in electrolyte conductivity as related to catholyte concentration increase. AfterWtwheoreh ∆o𝐸f opiserthateioenq,uinlibmriousmt tpesottsenatirael;aηtiavaenlyd cηoc,ntshteanatnvodolitcaagnedwcasthroedacicheodvewrpitohteanntialv;e(rIaRg)ae, (vIaRr)ica,taionndo(IfR2).m5%th.eFaonroelaycthe,ecxaptheorilmytenat,ndiffmeermenbtrvaonletapgoetsecnotirarlesdpronpdsi[n3g5]t.o 1200, 2400 and 3600 A/m2 wereLoobwseersvtecde,lalsveoxltpargeesswedasboybtthaeinreldatiinonexbpeetwriemeennctu1r2rebnytduesninsgitythaendlocweellsvtoclutarrgen,tadndenesxiptylaaineddthbey hEiqguhaetsitonan(4o)l:yte concentration (32 wt% LiCl), followed by experiment 1 where the lowest current density was also used. In theVocetllh=er∆hEaen+d,ηha i+gh|ηecs|t+vo(IlRta)ga e+w(IaRs)co+bt(aIiRn)emd in experiment 3, where t(h4e) highest current density was used; also, experiment 9 with the lowest temperature shows a high cell where ∆Ee is the equilibrium potential; ηa and ηc, the anodic and cathodic overpotential; (IR)a, (IR)c, voltage. According to equation (3), the results show that a low cell voltage implies a specific electrical and (IR)m the anolyte, catholyte and membrane potential drops [35]. consumption (SEC) decrease. However, the LiOH production rate was also decreased. Figure 4. Cell voltage versus time for each experiment. Figure 4. Cell voltage versus time for each experiment. Lowest cell voltage was obtained in experiment 12 by using the lowest current density and the 3.3. PH Variation In the Membrane Electrodialysis Cell highest anolyte concentration (32 wt% LiCl), followed by experiment 1 where the lowest current In Figure 5, variation of the pH over time is showed, the most representative results are density was also used. In the other hand, highest voltage was obtained in experiment 3, where the presented. In the anolyte, pH decreased with time over a range between 8.05 and 3.90. This was highest current density was used; also, experiment 9 with the lowest temperature shows a high cell attributed to a secondary oxidation half-reaction of water at the anode, where H+ was generated. After voltage. According to Equation (3), the results show that a low cell voltage implies a specific electrical consumption (SEC) decrease. However, the LiOH production rate was also decreased. 3.3. PH Variation in the Membrane Electrodialysis Cell In Figure 5, variation of the pH over time is showed, the most representative results are presented. In the anolyte, pH decreased with time over a range between 8.05 and 3.90. This was attributed to a secondary oxidation half-reaction of water at the anode, where H+ was generated. After two h of operation, pH values were reduced by an average of 40%, after this period they were only reduced by approximately 1%. However, the H+ formation rate would be constant, but its values were not clearly reflected due to pH logarithmic behavior.PDF Image | Battery Grade Li Hydroxide by Membrane Electrodialysis
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