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in the anolyte available to migrate to the catholyte. At the same time, less H+ migrated to the cathode avoiding the neutralization of OH− and favoring the formation of LiOH in the catholyte. LiOH production efficiency depended on both Li+ migration and OH− generation. Current efficiency with respect to lithium migration was higher compared to the one calculated according to the OH− gMenemebrratnieosn20.2T0h,1is0,i1n9d8icatesthattheprocesswouldbelimitedbyunwantedmigrationofH+ proto1n0softo21 the cathode. Figure 5. pH variation in electrolytes and its influence on current efficiency. Figure 5. pH variation in electrolytes and its influence on current efficiency. On the other hand, a percentage of formed protons migrated from anolyte to catholyte through the cationic membrane, a process being carried out by the Grotthuss mechanism. Transport of charge occurred by protons jumping from hydronium (H3O+) to a water molecule in chained form until reaching the membrane surface and subsequently passing through. In the catholyte, pH values were measured to be between 10.5–11.5 and exhibited an increasing trend between 1% and 7%. Although, formation of OH− ions occurred at the cathode. The authors attribute this variation to a “neutralizing effect” caused by H+ ion migration through the membrane from the anode compartment to the cathode compartment, then H+ protons reacted with OH− ions to generate H2O. This reduced the LiOH formation rate. Therefore, the catholyte pH consistently showed small change, presenting values around 10.5–11.5. Among the results presented in Figure 5, it can be seen that current efficiency is proportional to pH change in the catholyte and anolyte. A greater pH increase in the catholyte implied a greater rate of OH− formation. On the other hand, a smaller decrease in anolyte pH implied a higher current efficiency. This was explained by the fact that less H+ was produced in the secondary reaction of oxygen evolution, prioritizing the oxidation semi-reaction from Cl− to Cl2. Thus, there was more Li+ in the anolyte available to migrate to the catholyte. At the same time, less H+ migrated to the cathode avoiding the neutralization of OH− and favoring the formation of LiOH in the catholyte. LiOH production efficiency depended on both Li+ migration and OH− generation. Current efficiency with respect to lithium migration was higher compared to the one calculated according to the OH− generation. This indicates that the process would be limited by unwanted migration of H+ protons to the cathode. 4. Discussion 4.1. Influence of Current Density Current density effects can be observed in experiments 1, 2 and 3 (see Table 3). The results show that current density influences cell voltage, specific electrical consumption, current efficiency and LiOH production rate.PDF Image | Battery Grade Li Hydroxide by Membrane Electrodialysis
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ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)