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Membranes 2021, 11, 697 10 of 13 Membranes 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW Membranes 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW J3/J1 4.0 31 10 of 13 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 J J1 10 of 13 4.5 J 1 4.5 J3 6.0 J 3/J 6.0 4.0 5.8 5.8 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.6 00 00 u (mm/s) u1 (mm/s) 0.5 0.5 3.4. Effect of the Velocity u2 1 2+2+ 2+ 2+ + + Figure 7. The dependence of the average flux of Li , the average flux of Mg and the Mg /Li flux ratio on u1. Values of other parameters are: V = 30VT, uout = 0.5 mm/s, u2 = 1 mm/s, 18 μm ≤ y ≤ 31.5 flruaxtioraotniouo1.nVualu.esVoafluoetsheorfpoatrhaemreptearsamaret:eVrs=a3r0eV:TV,uo=ut =300V.5,mum/s,=u20=.51mm/s,1u8μ=m1≤mym≤3/1s.,5 + FFigiguurree77..ThedependenceoftheaverageflfluxofLi+,,ttheeaaveerraaggeefflluuxxooffMgg2+ anadndthteheMMg2g+/Li/+Lfliux μm, x = 96 μm.1 1μ8mμm, x≤= 9y6≤μm31..5 μm, x = 96 μm. T out 2 33.4.4. .EfffeeccttoofftthheeVeeloloccitityyuu2 2 TThheevellocity u2 pllaayyssaacrcurucicailarlorloeleininthitshsisystyesmte.mA.s sAhsowshnoiwnnFiignurFeig8u,rweh8e,nwthenu2 2 The velocity u2 plays a crucial role in this system. As shown in Figure 8, when the u2 ++ ++ tihnecrueaisnecs,retahseese,ntrhicehemnerincthemffenct eoffeLcit oiof nLsi bieocnosmbeescboemttesr.bAetsteLr.i AiosnLsi haiovnestheavloewtheest 2++ increases, the enrichment effect of Li ions becomes better. As Li ions have the lowest lowest electrophoretic mobility, they have the largest upward F than the downward F . electrophoretic mobility, they have the largest upward FD thanDthe downward FE. TherEe- electrophoretic mobility, they have the largest upward FD than the downward FE. There- Therefore, they tend to focus near the AEM. Ions with higher valence, i.e., M2g+ 2+, are driven fore, they tend to focus near the AEM. Ions with higher valence, i.e., Mg2+, are driven to fore, they tend to focus near the AEM. Ions with higher valence, i.e., Mg , are driven to to the downside reservoir by the F . the downside reservoir by the FE. E the downside reservoir by the FE. 8 J1 8 J 1 J J /J 7 J3/J1 731 7.5 6 5 5 4 4 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 u (mm/s) u2 (mm/s) J3 3 7.5 6 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.5 3 3 2 2 1 1 00 00 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0 0 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 μm, x = 96 μm. 18 μm ≤ y ≤ 31.5 μm, x = 96 μm. 2 + 2+2++ Figure 8. The dependence of the average flux of Li+, the average flux of Mg2+2+and the Mg2+/2L+i+flu+x FFigiguurere88..TThheedeepeendenceoffttheaverageflfluxofLi ,,ttheaverrageefflluxoffMgg anadndthteheMMgg/Li/Lfliux ratio on u2. Values of other parameters are: V = 30VT, uout = 0.5 mm/s, u1 = 0.63 mm/s, 18 μm ≤ y ≤ 31.5 ratio on u2. Values of other parameters are: V = 30VT, uout = 0.5 mm/s, u1 = 0.63 mm/s, 18 μm ≤ y ≤ 31.5 flux ratio on u2. Values of other parameters are: V = 30VT, uout = 0.5 mm/s, u1 = 0.63 mm/s, μm, x = 96 μm. 33.5.5. .AddvvaanttaaggeessaannddLLimimititaattioionnss 3.5. Advantages and Limitations TThheeaaddvvaanntataggeeofotfhtihsisysytesmtemis tishatthtahtethaenalnyatelystaerseacroentcionnutoinuusloyuflsloywfelodwtherdouthgrhotuhgeh The advantage of this system is that the analytes are continuously flowed through styhsetesmysbteyma bPyDFa wPDhiFlewvheirlteicvaellrytisceapllayrasetepdaraantdedcoancdencotrnactendtrbayteIdCPb.yCIoCmPp. aCroedmtpoaorethdetro the system by a PDF while vertically separated and concentrated by ICP. Compared to fotchuesrinfogcsuyssitnegmssys[4te3m], sit[4h3a]s, ait shiamspalseimstrpulectsutreu.cMtuorer.eMsiogrneifisicganitfliyc,atnhtilsy,mtheitshmodetdhoedsdnoets other focusing systems [43], it has a simple structure. More significantly, this method does invootlivnevothlveecthemchiceamlriecacltrieoanctoiofnioonfsiionntshienbthrienbe.riCnoe.mCpoamrepdarweidthwoitheorthmeertmhoedthsosduschsuacsh not involve the chemical reaction of ions in the brine. Compared with other methods such + as nanofiltration membrane [14]. Li et al. increased the Li+ yield and improved the sepa- as nanofiltration membrane [14]. Li et al. increased the Li yield and improved the sepa- 2+ + 2+ ration effect of Mg2+ and Li+ by increasing the operating pressure. The Mg2+ rejection rate ration effect of Mg and Li by increasing the operating pressure. The Mg rejection rate 66 22 JJ ( (× ×1100 m mool l/ /( (m m ⋅ s⋅ s) ) ) ) 66 22 JJ ( (× ×1100 m mool l/ /( (m m ⋅ s⋅ s) ) ) ) JJ //JJ 33 11 JJ //JJ 33 11 0 0 0.24 0.240.28 0.280.32 0.320.36 0.360.40 0.400.44 0.440.48 0.480.52 0.520.56 0.560.60 0.600.64 0.64PDF Image | Brines Based on Free Flow Ion Concentration Polarization
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