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Minerals 2020, 10, 284 7 of 34 2.1. Geology Bristol Dry Lake is the largest (155 km2) playa in a system of three northwest–southeast trending dry lakes (playas) located in a structural trough between mountain ranges in the Basin and Range physiographic province of North America. Bristol Dry Lake is situated on the eastern edge of the Mojave block [28]. The Mojave block is defined by the Garlock fault to the north, the San Andreas fault and the eastern Transverse Ranges to the west and south, and a southern projection of the Soda-Avawatz fault zone to the east [29]. The topography of the area was caused by the clockwise rotation of the Mojave block by right-shear movement along northwest trending faults during Late Cenozoic time [30]. Glazner [31] found new evidence east of Barstow for significant early Miocene (19–18 mya) extension of the Mojave block. Correlation of tephra layers from cores taken in BDL indicates that the BDL basin may have existed for 10–12 million years, since the middle Miocene [26,28]. In addition, the presence of Pliocene Bouse Formation sediments in all three playas [32,33] indicates that, at a minimum, the sediments in the playas are five million years old. The Barstow-Bristol Trough is approximately 180 km long and extends from an unknown point north of Barstow to the southeast beyond Danby Dry Lake (Figure 2) [4]. The trough is bounded by the uplift of the Bristol and Cady Mountains to the northeast and the Newberry and Bullion Mountains to the southwest along major fault zones [4]. Gardner suggested that the Barstow-Bristol Trough represents a major break in the Earth’s crust and may extend into the upper mantle [5]. Such relationships indicate that the trough has had a relatively long history, and that tectonics may play an important role in both the short and long-term evolution of the trough. For example, [26,28] found that 200 m of sediment in a core taken from the center of BDL was repeated due to faulting and] [34] described increasingly steep dips in sediments of Cadiz basin. Extrusive volcanics also play an important role in the evolution of the trough. A relatively young cinder cone, Amboy Crater, and its associated basalt flows is situated in the northwest portion of the Bristol Dry Lake Basin (Figure 1). The age of Amboy Crater, the only recent volcanic feature near BDL, CDL or DDL, has been constrained to approximately 79,000 ± 5000 years old based on Cosmogenic 36Cl ages of Quaternary basalt flows [23]. Amboy Crater is the southeastern-most crater of one of several similar cinder cones that line up along a northwest-southeast trend of the presumed faults within the trough (Figure 2A). These basalt flows and cinder cones and, those south of Lead Mountain, may have provided a short-lived hydrothermal heat source in the late Pleistocene in the northwestern part of the trough. Older extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks may also play a role in providing hydrothermal fluids to the basin [35]. However, at this time, there are no data on such sources which can be easily evaluated. The drainage into BDL passes through a variety of rock types. This makes the evaluation of the ultimate source of brine components more difficult to determine. The Bristol and Marble Mountains, which bound Bristol Dry Lake to the north and east, are composed mostly of Jurassic granodiorite and quart monzonite but are associated with metamorphosed Paleozoic sedimentary rocks including some marble and dolostones [36,37], although the extent of these sedimentary rocks is minor in outcrop (Figure 2A,B). Carbonate rocks appear to be absent elsewhere in the drainage area [37], although a small outcrop of late Miocene to early Pliocene Bouse Formation shoreline carbonates (including stromatolitic mounds) has been found in the northwest fan in the Bristol Dry Lake Basin [29]. Bouse Formation outcrops have not been found in the CDL or DDL basins, but Bouse aged sediments are inferred based on rock types and fossils in basin-center cores in CDL and DDL [33]. To the south, plutonic and metamorphic rocks are most common. According to [32], no saline-bearing deposits crop out within the drainage area of the Barstow-Bristol Trough. All three basins are mostly surrounded by volcanic and plutonic igneous rocks of varying ages (Figure 2A,B). 2.2. Definitions The hydrology of playas has been discussed by many authors in general—for example, [4] discusses three type of playas, discharge playas, where the only outlet for groundwater in the basin isPDF Image | Bristol Dry Lake Brine Compared to Brines from Cadiz
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