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Figure 7. Typical cross-section of the starter embankment on the disposal spine side of a facility. 5 CONCLUSIONS Lithium mining from highly enriched brines is significantly different to classic hard-rock min- ing, given the fluid nature of the resource host (i.e. the brine). As so, mineral extraction from shallow brines presents issues related to the fluid nature of the resource host, with the resource in solution, such as the potential for composition and grade temporal variation, before and during extraction. Given the nature of this type of project, brine resource and reserve estimation requires the ap- plication of specialised hydrogeological knowledge, i.e. hypersaline solution theories for ground- water dynamics modelling, and chemical processing engineering, i.e. brine processing for high- purity Li2CO3 extraction. Direct extraction technologies arise as an alternative to the conventional production processes. The conventional process is based on increasing the concentration of lithium through solar evap- oration in evaporation ponds. Among the advantages of direct extraction processes are: a shorter period between extraction commencing and the first lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) batch being pro- duced (almost immediate), lower capital costs and reduced dependence on climate. Direct extraction processes can generate large amounts of spent brine (i.e. brine with a reduced lithium concentration), which may potentially affect the lithium-rich brine concentration. In order to retain the advantages of direct extraction processes, management of spent brine tailings requires adequate planning and diligent engineering to be undertaken. It is key to achieving a cost-efficient disposal solution to undertake a holistic approach in terms of balancing evaporation, crystallisa- tion and seepage to keep the recycled brine inflow to the basin at a controlled rate (and potentially at an increased mineral concentration – similar to the raw brine concentration) This presentation has compared alternative disposal solutions, and showcases some recent ex- perience with spent brine tailings management at projects in the lithium triangle of South America. The specific details and concepts of brine lithium mining projects, can be applied to a wide variety of brine projects, i.e. both conventional evaporation and direct extraction processes for lithium (Li), potassium (K), boron (Bo), sulphate (SO4-2) and others. 6 REFERENCES Braun, T., Cortegoso, P., Pereira, C. and Ugorets, V. (2016) “Interpretation and application of hydrogeological concepts to commer- cial‐scale brine extraction projects” 5th International Congress on Water Management in Mining Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (2012) Best Practice Guidelines for Resource and Reserve Estimation for Lithium Brines. DHI‐WASY Software FEFLOW (2009) Finite Element Subsurface Flow and Transport Solution System White Papers. Houston, J., Butcher, A., Ehren, P., Evans, K., and Godfrey. L. (2011) “The evaluation of brine prospects and the requirement for modifications to filing standards,” Economic Geology, Vol. 106, pp. 12251239 Hydrogeologic, Inc. (2006) MODFLOW‐SURFACT Software (version 3.0). Lithium Americas Corporation (2017) “Investor Presentation” http://lithiumamericas.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/LAC-Inves- tor-Presentation-January-24-2017-.pdf Kunasz, I (2013) “Analysis of CIM’s Study of Best Practices for the Estimation of Lithium Brines”. SRK Consulting (2016a) “SRKable May 2016 - Argentina” http://www.srk.com/en/srkable/argentina-3 SRK Consulting (2016b) “Lithium Brines: What can we learn from established brine production regions” https://www.srk.com.au/sites/default/files/SRK_AU_Lithium_Brines_Presentation_-_August_2016.pdf SRK Consulting (2011) NI 43‐101 Technical Report Preliminary Economic Assessment Salar de Diablillos Project, Salta, Argentina. Sonnenfeld, P. (1984) Brines and Evaporites, Academic PressPDF Image | Direct extraction lithium processes
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)