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Membranes 2022, 12, 343 6 of 27 2.2. Conventional Recovery of Li from Brines The comparison the different type of conventional method of lithium extraction from brines are summarized in the Table 5. Brines have become one of the most popular sources of Li ions since Li extraction requires fewer pre-treatments than from ores and a large variety of Li salts are available, as well as the relatively high concentration of Li in brines, as well as from the ratio of rare earths and alkaline metals to lithium ions, supporting the co-regeneration of various valuable compounds. Brines may be divided into three types, including brines generated during the evaporation processes, directly extracted from geothermal and underground sources, and aqueous liquors produced from oil/petroleum fields [6]. The traditional methods of production of Li compounds from brines include evaporation, column adsorption, and diffusion dialysis, which leads to Li-enriched solutions that are further augmented in Li by ion exchange, sequential adsorption, or solvent extraction [34]. Ion exchange (IEX) resins are amongst the most used technologies to extract Li from brines. Commercial IEX materials including MC50 (Chemie AG, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Ger- many), TP207 (Bayer AG), and Y80-N Chemie AG (Chemie AG, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Ger- many) have been used for the separation of Li from synthetic brines [44]. Li extraction from the Dead Sea waters using ionic liquids such as triisobutyl phosphate [45] and liq- uid chromatography using polyactylamide Bio-Gel P-2 and Blue Dextran 2000 were also demonstrated [6], supporting selective extraction against Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. Hybrid ion exchangers based on inorganic adsorbents or aluminate salts were also tried to effectively capture Li ions from brines. The inorganic ion exchanger H2TiO3 was used to separate lithium from the Uyuani lake in Bolivia, where the Li-ion adsorption capacity was estimated at 32.6 mg/g (4.8 mmol/g) at a pH of 6.5 [46]. It was possible to apply the cation exchanger titanium (IV) antimonate to reduce the content of K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. An attractive set of technologies to generate Li cost-effectively from aqueous solutions involve membrane processes, including pressure-driven processes. Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) have been used to concentrate and separate lithium ions selec- tively [47]. NF90 membranes yielded 85 wt% separation of Li+ from Mg2+ salts with a relatively low desalination range of about 15 wt% of lithium. These membrane processes may be intensified towards the speciation of mixed Li and boron from geothermal water by combining membrane technologies with adsorbents [20]. Dowex XUS-43594 combined with λ-MnO2 ion exchange resins supported the selective extraction of Li and boron at 100% and 83%, respectively [20]. Membrane distillation coupled to crystallization processes has also been considered for Li recovery. Direct contact membrane distillation and osmotic membrane distillation processes achieved a degree of saturation of LiCl in an aqueous solution. Electro-membrane processes based on electrodialysis and capacitive deionization have been developed and demonstrated and will be discussed in more detail in Section 3.PDF Image | Electro-Driven Materials and Processes for Lithium
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)