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The ion exchange steps would also consume small amounts of HCl and NaOH for elution and regeneration. As an overall approximation, though, every mole of divalent cation in the brine is replaced with two moles of sodium, from NaOH or Na2CO3. The amounts of NaOH and Na2CO3 required are therefore set by the composition of the salar brine, which needs to carry enough lithium relative to the other cations to more than carry the cost of the NaOH and Na2CO3 needed to displace the other cations from the brine. This approximation does ignore the other reagents and utilities (such as hydrochloric acid, power, water) required by the process. Major reagent costs – established chemistry Using this approach and assuming the mid-points for the analyses of each brine shown in Table 2 leads to the major reagent requirements and costs listed in Table 3. Reagent Reagent US$/t CaO 150 NaOH 560 Na2CO3 370 Table 3 – Calculated major reagent requirements Requirement, kg/kg LCE Cost, $/kg LCE Geotherm Salar Oilfield Geotherm Salar al al Oilfield 9.0 1.1 5.3 1.4 0.2 0.8 0.1 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 69.5 1.8 61.2 25.7 0.7 22.6 Sub-total 27.1 0.8 23.5 The unit costs for CaO, NaOH and Na2CO3 in Table 3 were taken from the NI 43-101 technical report on the Cauchari-Olaroz project [8], rounded two significant figures. The reagent costs calculated for the other two brines are more than an order of magnitude greater than that of the salar brine because of the amount of Ca2+ that has to be replaced with Na+ from Na2CO3. Figure 3 is an image taken from The Statistics Portal [9], showing the annual average price of battery grade lithium carbonate. Figure 2 – Price of lithium carbonate, $/tonne LCE Prior to 2016 the price was below $7.5/kg and in 2017 it was $13.9/kg. Unless and until the price of lithium carbonate rises substantially higher than about $30/kg, the established chemistry used to extract lithium from salar brines will not be applicable to the other brines. Presented at the Critical Materials Symposium, EXTRACTION 2018, Ottawa, August 26-29PDF Image | Extraction of Lithium from Brine Chemistry
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)