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In the chemistry selected for the Clayton Valley Project, the loaded organic phase is stripped with sulphuric acid in the anolyte from electrochemical cells with cation-selective membranes between the anode and cathode compartments. The stripping step, of course, removes the lithium from the loaded organic phase, replacing it with protons from the anolyte. The stripped organic phase and the lithium-replenished anolyte are recycled. Minor amounts of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate are used to precipitate the very small amounts of divalent cations leaking through the membranes in the preceding step, plus a polishing ion exchange step between the stripping and electrochemical steps. The only reagent used in significant quantity in the overall chemistry is sodium hydroxide. Using the same logic as was used in developing the overall stoichiometry for the established chemistry leads to the results shown in Table 5. The electricity cost is for the electrolysis of lithium sulphate to sulphuric acid and lithium hydroxide. This number was taken directly from the operating costs given for the Clayton Valley Project [10]. The chemistry selected for the Clayton Valley Project would appear to have an appreciable cost advantage over applying the established chemistry to that feed brine. Table 5 – Established and new chemistry applied to Clayton Valley brine, $/kg LCE Reagent Cost, $/t Established chemistry New chemistry CaO 150 0.1 0 NaOH 560 0 0.6 Na2CO3 370 Electricity Sub-total Chemistry using lithium-ion sieves 1.3 0 - 0.4 1.5 1.1 Another approach, that has not yet been part of any published work on project feasibility, also does not require solar evaporation. This approach is based on a class of materials referred to as lithium- ion sieves (LIS) [12,13]. One of these materials is made from titanium dioxide and lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide, forming Li2TiO3 that is then contacted with dilute acid which converts it to H2TiO3. When the H2TiO3 is contacted with lithium-bearing solution under alkaline conditions, a solid-state exchange reaction takes place, with protons leaving the solid phase and being replaced by lithium ions from the liquid phase. Lithium and protons are the only cations small enough to penetrate the crystal structure of the solid phase. The magnesium cation is similar in size to the lithium cation, but is much more strongly hydrated, which prevents it from being able to shed its hydration sheath and enter the solid phase. Once loaded, the material is recovered, washed to remove entrained brine and stripped with dilute acid, giving a strip solution greatly purified in lithium and also regenerating the H2TiO3, which is recycled. Limjuco et al. [14] published the data shown in Table 6. The literature reports that protons expelled from the H2TiO3 in the loading step limit the amount of Li+ that can be loaded, and that a high pH needs to be maintained for the maximum loading. If sodium hydroxide is used to maintain a high pH in the loading step, the loading chemistry exchanges lithium ions for protons that are in turn neutralised with NaOH, effectively replacing Li+ with Na+ in the feed solution. The great advantage of the LIS materials is that, unlike the lithium-selective solvent extraction, lithium can be selectively removed from solutions that also Presented at the Critical Materials Symposium, EXTRACTION 2018, Ottawa, August 26-29PDF Image | Extraction of Lithium from Brine Chemistry
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)