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ll iScience OPEN ACCESS Figure 3. XRD Results of the b-MnO2 Template and LMO Nanotubes Prepared by Reacting with LiOH for 10 hr at Different Temperatures LMO500, LMO600, and LMO700 denote a reaction temperature of 500, 600, and 700C, respectively. has a high positive reduction potential (E = +2.43 V) compared to MnIII/MnII (E = +1.54). As a result, SO, 4 exhibits a higher affinity to accept electrons than MnII. Therefore, SO, free radicals replace MnIII as an elec- 4 Article tron acceptor in the Li ðMnIIIMnIVÞO framework, inhibiting the reduction of MnIII. xyz4 S O2/2SO, 284 2SO, + 2H O/2SO2 +2H+ +H O 42422 2H2O2 /2H2O+O2 Li MnIIIMnIV O + xH+ 4H MnIIIMnIV O + xLi+ xyz4 xyz4 (Equation 1) (Equation 2) (Equation 3) (Equation 4) While H+ acts as an acid extracting Li+ from LMO nanotubes (Equation 3), the dissolution of manganese could be alleviated due to the generation of O2 as an oxidant (Equation 4) (Ogino and Oi, 1996). In contrast to commercial LiMn2O4, surface disproportionation might occur in LMO nanotubes due to extra Li+ in the interstitial sites (Ariza et al., 2006). A hybrid mechanism was involved for Li+ extraction in LMO nanotubes, containing ion exchange behavior between Li+ and H+ and redox extraction of Li+. The results of repeated lithium adsorption/desorption tests are shown in Figure 4B. Lithium recovery tests were executed in LiCl solutions using eluted LMO nanotubes. Then, the sorbent was placed in 0.5 M H2SO4 or (NH4)2S2O8 to regenerate lithium from adsorbed samples. The manganese dissolution in the nanotube matrix was higher in the first cycle, especially for the H2SO4-treated samples, due to insufficient transformation, MnIII disinte- gration, and interplanar distance contraction caused by the acidic attack (Gao et al., 2019). The theoretical Li+ extraction capacity is 43.70 mg g1 based on the composition of Li1.1Mn1.9O4. The (NH4)2S2O8-eluted LMO nanotubes registered a recovery capacity of 39.21 mg g1 with a capacity retention of 86.73% after regeneration, whereas the capacity retention of H2SO4-eluted LMO is only 69.67%. Meanwhile, the recov- ery capacity of H2SO4-eluted LMO was sharply decreased during adsorption/desorption cycling, compared to LMO nanotubes eluted by (NH4)2S2O8. After the eight cycles, LMO nanotubes obtained from (NH4)2S2O8 eluent exhibited a recovery capacity of 23.96 mg g1 and corresponding Mn dissolution of 0.12%, while H2SO4-eluted LMO nanotubes showed a recovery capacity of 10.96 mg g1 and H2SO4- eluted commercial LMO failed to function (Figure S6D, Supplemental Information). XRD patterns of pristine LMO and LMO nanotubes, eluted by H2SO4 and (NH4)2S2O8, after cycling tests were shown in Figure 4C. It is observed that the spinel structure of LMO nanotubes was preserved for both H2SO4-eluted and (NH4)2S2O8-eluted LMO nanotubes. As the peak shift toward higher 2q values is observed upon delithiation, retention of the spinel structure indicates lithium desorption proceeds 4 iScience 23, 101768, November 20, 2020PDF Image | Extraction of Lithium from Single-Crystalline Lithium
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)