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Pristine LMO LMO Recycled by H2SO4 LMO Recycled by (NH4)2S2O8 a (A ̊ ) 8.239 8.032 8.054 V (A ̊ 3) 559.27 518.17 522.44 Crystallite size (nm) 12.52 15.17 14.72 Rwp (%) 2.83 3.48 3.12 Mn4+(%):Mn3+ (%) 51.0:49.0 44.9:55.1 46.8:53.2 Li:Mn ratio 0.578 0.513 0.572 ll iScience OPEN ACCESS Article Table 1. Rietveld Refinement Results, Mn Valence, and Li:Mn Ratio for Different Materials Li:Mn ratio was obtained from ICP-OES tests. Mn Valence was analyzed by XPS measurements. same batch condition (Figure S7A Supplemental Information). The concentration of cations plays an impor- tant role in the adsorption behavior of nanotubes. Considering the extremely unbalance ratio was detected in salt lakes, the adsorption capacity of (NH4)2S2O8-eluted LMO nanotubes was tested using brines with different Li+:Na+ ratios. As shown in Figure S7B (Supplemental Information), (NH4)2S2O8-eluted LMO nano- tubes retain 88.32% of adsorption capacity with good Li+ recognition ability when Li+:Na+ ratio is increased from 1:1 to 1:10. Further increase of the brine concentrations results in the presence of white crystals, ascribed to the unabsorbed salts (Figure S8, Supplemental Information). The adsorption performance was briefly summarized and compared with previous studies (Table S1, Supplemental Information). The re- sults demonstrated that single-crystalline nanotubes deliver excellent adsorption capacity and the highest extraction efficiency with respect to the theoretical capacity of adsorption. Thus, the acid-free strategy is promising for practical applications of lithium extraction. DISCUSSION With the surging demand for lithium, it is necessary to develop new technologies for lithium extraction with high efficiency and good reusability. In this work, we developed a new strategy for nano-extraction of lithium, based on single-crystalline LMO nanotubes recycled by (NH4)2S2O8 as an eluent. The promising Li+ recovery performance of LMO nanotubes is attributed to their novel architecture and single-crystalline structure. The LMO nanotubes obtained via template-engaged reaction can serve as channels for lithium- ion adsorption/desorption, whereas the hollow nanostructure of spinel LMO may act as reservoirs for the lithium uptake. The limitation of internal pore diffusion could be overcome by the tubular morphology, consequently leading to a sufficient adsorbent-solution interface to absorb Li+ and promote rapid ion transportation. While nano-sized holes in LMO nanotubes can supply facile transport channels with short length for lithiation, a single-crystalline structure can reduce the transport resistance of lithium ions. On the other hand, LMO materials suffer from performance degradations due to manganese dissolutions and irre- versible volume changes in the conventional acidic elution process. (NH4)2S2O8 eluent ensures the struc- tural stability of LMO nanotubes by improving the reversibility of Li+ recovery and buffering the volume change, attributed to Jahn-Teller effects. The method developed in this investigation can be used for the synthesis and modifications of LMO materials for various applications such as battery recycling and lithium-ion sieve fabrications. Overall, we successfully demonstrated a nano-extraction approach, based on LMO nanotubes as the adsorbent and (NH4)2S2O8 as the eluent. Spinel LMO nanotubes were synthesized via a template-engaged reaction using b-MnO2 nanotubes as the precursor, in which the tubular morphology and single-crystal characteristics of LMO nanotubes can be preserved due to minimal structure reconstruction during the phase transformation. As the sorbent for lithium recovery, the LMO nanotubes exhibited favorable extrac- tion performance, which may be attributed to their unique tubular nanostructures, single-crystalline nature, and high crystallinity. The manganese dissolution in the acidic environment has been overcome by using (NH4)2S2O8 for lithium recovery. (NH4)2S2O8 eluent improves recovery performance and cycling stability of LMO nanotubes compared to that eluted by H2SO4. The acid-free extraction ensures the reusability, selectivity, and recovery properties for spinel LMO materials. 6 iScience 23, 101768, November 20, 2020PDF Image | Extraction of Lithium from Single-Crystalline Lithium
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)