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Minerals 2022, 12, 1236 18 of 21 and evaluated. The final inverted model for ST-07, 20 km away from Tx, is presented in Figure 14 (model on the right). The calculated misfit is 8.97. Based on the resulting final resistivity model, after the depth of 1.3 km, the resistivity reached 3.1 Ohm.m and a very low resistivity layer, with a resistivity of about 0.1 Ohm.m, was detected at a depth of 3 km below the ground surface. The final 2D inversion model using the REBOCC code for the SW–NE profile, com- posed of the ST-01 to ST-04, is shown in Figure 15. It is quite risky to apply 2D inversion on only four soundings, but we decided to do so to compare the final tomogra phic image with the final 1D inverted models, as presented in Figure 12. A very low resistivity anomaly with a resistivity of 0.3 Ohm.m was detected at a depth of 350 m below the ground surface. Minerals 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 21 This finding is in agreement with the 1D models in Figure 12. This very conductive zone seems to extend below the maximum depth of the model, that is, 1 km. Figure 15. 2D inverted resistivity section. Figure 15. 2D inverted resistivity section. 5. Conclusions 5. Conclusions As we enter the energy transition era, EM methods in general, and specifically CSEM As we enter the energy transition era, EM methods in general, and specifically CSEM surveying, are becoming more frequently used for reservoir-monitoring applications such surveying, are becoming more frequently used for reservoir-monitoring applications such as geothermal production, CO2 injection monitoring, or Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), as geothermal production, CO2 injection monitoring, or Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), where fluid movements provide essential information. This is often executed by combining where fluid movements provide essential information. This is often executed by combin- borehole and surface measurements with permanent or semi-permanent sensors and time- ing borehole and surface measurements with permanent or semi-permanent sensors and lapse acquisition. time-lapse acquisition. The first CSEM survey using a high-power transmitter for the characterization of the The first CSEM survey using a high-power transmitter for the characterization of the flat salt coastal area of the Half Moon Bay in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia was flat salt coastal area of the Half Moon Bay in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia was completed successfully. Best practices were followed to setup and test the transmitter completed successfully. Best practices were followed to setup and test the transmitter elec- electrodes. Different receiver configurations were laid to acquire alternative LOTEM, FSEM, trodes. Different receiver configurations were laid to acquire alternative LOTEM, FSEM, and MT data. All the data were obtained as planned, and processing workflows followed and MT data. All the data were obtained as planned, and processing workflows followed uneventfully. There were no HSE accidents or incidents during the acquisition. The CSEM uneventfully. There were no HSE accidents or incidents during the acquisition. The CSEM data are of a high quality as this was monitored in real-time during the acquisition and later confirmed during the quality control process. As displayed in Figures 5, 6, and 8, the raw data clearly showed the shape of the transmitted waveform in the electric field com- ponents and the expected impulse response for the magnetic field components. The out-PDF Image | First High-Power CSEM
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