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Minerals 2022, 12, 1236 19 of 21 References data are of a high quality as this was monitored in real-time during the acquisition and later confirmed during the quality control process. As displayed in Figures 5, 6 and 8, the raw data clearly showed the shape of the transmitted waveform in the electric field components and the expected impulse response for the magnetic field components. The output transients, resulting from the processing workflow that was followed, yielded smooth transients adequate for further interpretation. The percentage of transients decaying evaluates the quality of a transient with respect to the reference level within the switching time interval and its smoothness. High-quality transients often decay >90% in amplitude within a time window. Ultimately, the quality of these transients determined the quality of the interpretation results. Likewise, MT data have good quality, where the apparent resistivity resulting from the processing of different sample rates can be further interpreted. The high-resolution MT/CSEM survey in the study area discovered a thick, very low resistivity anomaly, with resistivities around 0.3 Ohm.m, much lower than the expected resistivity for brines (around 2 Ohm.m) [51]. Based on the international references and the characteristics of the depositional environment of the study area, such low (0.3 Ohm.m) resistivities can be associated with lithium deposits. However, further studies, such as exploratory boreholes and sampling, are needed to model the salar’s types, the brine’s chemistry and quality, and to verify these first assumptions about the study area [52–54]. Nevertheless, the current EM survey identified a potentially economic brine. In summary, electromagnetic methods cover a range of applications, particularly those of interest during the energy transition and the development of mineral resources in Saudi Arabia, in accordance with the pillars of VISION 2030. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, K.S. and P.S.; methodology and fieldwork, X.X.; software, A.L.A., Y.M., P.K., T.H., X.X., A.K. and A.Y.P.; formal analysis, X.X. and T.H.; investigation, A.L.A., P.K., X.X., A.K., A.A., A.A.-K. and P.S.; resources, K.S. and P.S.; data curation, A.L.A., Y.M., T.H., A.Y.P. and M.S.; writing—original draft preparation, A.L.A., Y.M., P.K., X.X., K.S. and P.S.; writing— review and editing, A.L.A., Y.M., P.K., T.H., X.X., A.K., A.Y.P., A.A., A.A.-K., M.S., K.S. and P.S.; visualization, A.L.A., Y.M., P.K. and A.Y.P.; supervision, K.S. and P.S.; project administration, P.S.; funding acquisition, P.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by an INRE2200 research grant from the IRC-Renewable Energy and Power System center at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM). Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Acknowledgments: The authors gratefully acknowledge CPG for technical and financial support. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. 1. Vozoff, K. 8. The Magnetotelluric Method. In Electromagnetic Methods in Applied Geophysics; Society of Exploration Geophysicists: Houston, TX, USA, 1991; pp. 641–712. 2. Colombo, D.; McNeice, G.; Curiel, E.S.; Fox, A. Full tensor CSEM and MT for subsalt structural imaging in the Red Sea: Implications for seismic and electromagnetic integration. Lead. Edge 2013, 32, 436–449. [CrossRef] 3. Colombo, D.; Keho, T.; McNeice, G. Integrated seismic-electromagnetic workflow for sub-basalt exploration in northwest Saudi Arabia. Lead. Edge 2012, 31, 42–52. [CrossRef] 4. Colombo, D.; Dasgupta, S.; Strack, K.M.; Yu, G. Results of Feasibility Study of Surface-to-Borehole Time-Domain CSEM for Water-Oil Fluid Substitution in Ghawar Field, Saudi Arabia. In Proceedings of the GEO 2010, Manama, Bahrain, 7–10 March 2010. 5. Sheard, S.N.; Ritchie, T.J.; Christopherson, K.R.; Brand, E. Mining, Environmental, Petroleum, and Engineering Industry Applications of Electromagnetic Techniques in Geophysics. Surv. Geophys. 2005, 26, 653–669. [CrossRef] 6. Strack, K.M. Future Directions of Electromagnetic Methods for Hydrocarbon Applications. Surv. Geophys. 2014, 35, 157–177. [CrossRef]PDF Image | First High-Power CSEM
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