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Geosciences 2018, 8, 56 4 of 18 EDTA has been used in several induced metal accumulation studies. The addition of EDTA to Pb spiked soil has been shown to increase the Pb content in Canavalia ensiformis and Helianthus annuus plants significantly [53,54]. Alternatively, a weak extraction of Pb using EDDS has been noted several times [35]. In some rare cases EDDS outperforms EDTA for metal uptake in plants, dependent on species and target metal [55]. The effects of the application of EDTA, EDDS and citric acid on the uptake of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd by the Zea mays and Phaseolus vulgaris plants has been studied, results showed that EDDS was more efficient at solubilizing Cu and Zn than EDTA, and that EDTA was better at solubilizing Pb and Cd than EDDS [56]. In a study of EDDS chelate induced metal accumulation from soil using the Helianthus annuus plant, results showed levels >4000 mg/kg Cu and >300 mg/kg Pb in the plant tissues [57]. The same group of researchers also reported that EDDS outperformed EDTA solubilizing Cu and Zn in solution [58]. Several studies comparing the effectiveness of EDTA and EDDS to induce metal accumulation in plants have been performed [35,59–62]. Li is taken up easily by most plants but is not thought to be an essential element for plant health [63]. The question of whether plants need Li is still debated [64]. It has not been shown to act as a cofactor in any enzyme or enzymatic transportation system within plants. The concentration of Li in plants is highly variable [65]. The amount of Li in plants is a function of the amount of Li in the soil substrate in which the plants are growing because of this it has been suggested that the concentration of Li in plants is a good guide to the amount present in the soil [66]. One study reports that Li occurs in plants at levels of 0.15 to 0.3 mg/kg [67]. Others report that the amount of Li in plants lies somewhere between 0.2 and 6000 mg/kg [68–70]. Li is translocated to the leaves of plants where it is immobilized [71]. Li is known to act upon plants in three ways: at low concentrations it increases resistance to disease and stimulates growth, at high concentrations it inhibits growth and can become toxic to plants with a low tolerance for Li like citrus plants [71]. There are numerous studies showing that at low Li levels, plant growth stimulation has been observed [29,63,64,67,69,72–77]. Species of plants tolerant to Li are found mainly in the Solanaceae and Asteraceae families and are also said to include the Ranunculacae and Rosaceae families [66,68,71,78]. In 2013 a new Li accumulator plant was discovered in China Apocynum venetum. This species could potentially be used to geobotanically prospect for Li deposits [79]. Cirsium arvense and Solanum dulcamera have been shown to accumulate Li at 3 to 6 times more than other plants [80]. A study of Brassica juncea’s ability to accumulate Li, V and Cr from Li mine tailings has shown concentrations of Li > 300 mg/kg in the plant [29]. Elevated concentrations of Li have been recorded in many plant species across many fields of research, Table 2 lists some of these species. Table 2. Some recorded levels of Li in plants from several Li plant tolerance studies. Metal Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Plant Species Beta vulgaris Chloris gayana Gossypium malvaceae Hordeum vulgare Gossypium hirsutum Helianthus annuus Hordeum vulgare Gossypium hirsutum Apocynum venetum Brassica cartinata Nasturtium officinale Raphanus raphanistrum Lycium barbarum Juncus cooperi Allenrolfea occidentalis Distichlis spicate (mg/kg) References 5500 [74] 2400 [74] 1100 [74] 1131 [80] 1947 [80] 3292 [72] 2058 [65] 2385 [65] 1800 [77] 8000 [75] 1216 [70] 1008 [71] 1120 [76] 3000 [76] 3000 [76] 1000 [76]PDF Image | Induced Plant Accumulation of Lithium
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