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Geosciences 2018, 8, 56 11 of 18 There was an increase in the amount of Li found in the EDTA treated Brassica napus plants in trial 2 compared to trial 1. No plant mortalities were observed in trial 2 for Brassica napus. There was an x increase in the amount of Li in Brassica napus by around 300 mg/kg, from group to group Brassica oleracea by around 180 mg/kg from one soil treatment to the next and Helianthus annuus by around 210 mg/kg. These figures for Brassica oleracea and Helianthus annuus were only slightly larger than the previous figures reached in trial 1 (i.e., Brassica oleracea trial 1 = 150 mg/kg, Helianthus annuus trial 1 = 150 mg/kg) while Brassica napus at an x increase of 1.3 mg/kg in trial 1 from group to group showed a considerable increase. Brassica napus reached a x maximum Li level of 1849, SD = 914 mg/kg in trial 2, comparable to the same figures in trial 1 at 11.3, SD = 3.9 mg/kg. Brassica oleracea reached an x maximum Li level of 1830, SD = 625 mg/kg in trial 2. When compared to the same figures from trial 1 of 1496, SD = 691 mg/kg there was a slight x increase of around 300 mg/kg. Plant mortalities in Brassica oleracea were >25% (26 plants) after the addition of EDTA. Helianthus annuus reached a maximum Li level of 1081, SD = 609 mg/kg in trial 2. When compared to the same figures from trial 1 of 601, SD = 354 mg/kg there was a slight x increase of around 300 to 400 mg/kg. Plant mortalities for Helianthus annuus were also close to 25% (24 plants) after the addition of EDTA. A positive linear association between Li content in the plants and Li content amended to the soil was observed in all 3 species in trial 2, Brassica napus at r2 = 0.80, Brassica oleracea at r2 = 0.71 and Helianthus annuus at r2 = 0.73. 3.5. Trial 3, Li Amended Soil, EDDS Treatment Li was amended to the soil in trial 3 in the same manner as in trial 1 and 2 (i.e., 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000 mg/kg Li with a control group). In trial 3 EDDS was used as the chelating agent the exact same way as EDTA was used in trial 2 (i.e., EDDS at 0.05M added to the mature plants 1 week prior to harvesting). Figures 6–8 illustrate the differences in the amount of Li absorbed by Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea and Helianthus annuus in trial 1 (i.e., only Li amendments) and trial 3 Geosciences 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 19 (Li and EDDS amendments). 2900 2400 1900 1400 900 400 -100 0 20 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 Lithium amended to soil and EDDS at 0.05M treatment to each group Brassica napus Li Brassica napus Li + EDDS Figure 6. x Li concentration in leaves of Brassica napus from trial 1 (No chelator) and Brassica napus from Figure 6. x̅ Li concentration in leaves of Brassica napus from trial 1 (No chelator) and Brassica napus trial 3 (EDDS treatments at 0.05M) X-axis, concentration of Li amended to the soil. (Units in mg/kg). from trial 3 (EDDS treatments at 0.05M) X-axis, concentration of Li amended to the soil. (Units in mg/kg). 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 Brassica oleracea Li Brassica oleracea Li + EDDS um mg/kg Lithium mg/kgPDF Image | Induced Plant Accumulation of Lithium
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