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Minerals 2017, 7, 57 9 of 12 γLi+mLi+ ×γSO2−mSO2− 4 4 = Kdiss (17) The dissociation constant and activity coefficient of ion-pairs are listed in Table 6. The rest of the ions were processed in the same way as lithium, then a series of equations can be obtained. The proportion of the free ion and the ion pair for major dissolved species can be calculated by solving these equations (for a detailed process, see Reference [19]). Table 6. The dissociation constant of major dissolved species and activity coefficient of ion-pairs. Species Dissociation constant Ion–pairs Activity coefficient Na2 SO4 0.190546 Na–SO4 0.63000 K2 SO4 0.109648 K–SO4 0.63000 MgSO4 0.004365 Mg–SO4 1.13000 Li2 SO4 0.640000 Li–SO4 0.63000 Reference [20,24] Reference [22,25] γLiSO4− mLiSO4− A summary value, the proportion of the free ion and the ion pair for major dissolved species in the Qarhan Salt Lake, is shown in Table 7. The calculation results show that the vast majority of lithium occurrence are free ions in brine during the whole evaporation process. There was a slight decrease in the percentage value of lithium ion-pair as the brine evaporated. The percent value of Li-SO4 in residue brine was just 0.02% lower than the original brine. Only magnesium ions are significant combined into ion pairs, and the other alkali metal ions are not conspicuous. Comparing the percentage value of lithium ion-pair in the Qarhan Salt Lake with East TaiJanier [21], it was found that lithium in the brine of the Qarhan Salt Lake was more likely to occur as free ions. This could be due to the higher concentration of magnesium in brine and the stronger combination trend between magnesium and sulfate. Table 7. Occurrence state of major dissolved species before and after brine evaporation at 25 ◦C. Ion K+ Li+ Mg2+ Na+ SO4 2− Original Brine Residue Brine Occurrence Status Occurrence Status Free ion K-SO4 Free ion Li-SO4 Free ion Mg-SO4 Free ion Na-SO4 K-SO4 Li-SO4 Mg-SO4 Na-SO4 Free ion Percent 99.946% 0.054% 99.911% 0.089% 89.931% 10.069% 99.874% 0.126% 0.060% 0.005% 97.277% 0.350% 2.327% Free ion K-SO4 Free ion Li-SO4 Free ion Mg-SO4 Free ion Na-SO4 K-SO4 Li-SO4 Mg-SO4 Na-SO4 Free ion Percent 99.976% 0.024% 99.931% 0.069% 78.463% 21.573% 99.818% 0.182% - - 99.500% 0.001% 0.4999% 3.4. Distribution of Lithium at the KCl Production Plants Since another aim of this study was to contribute lithium distribution information in the whole KCl production line for recovering lithium from brine as a co-product of KCl, lithium distribution in KCl plants should also be taken into account. Figure 4 is the flow chart of KCl production in plant. The feed material of KCl production at plants was carnallite, which could be obtained after brine evaporation. When crude carnallite is taken out of the carnallite ponds, it is usually in a state of liquid-solid mixture and is always mixed with about 20% sodium chloride (NaCl), which needs to bePDF Image | Lithium during Brine Evaporation and KCl Production Plants
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