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al., 2012). Polymer nanofibers were used to stabilize MnOx sorbent and resulted in enhanced lithium sorption attributed to reduced interference for alkaline earth metals (Park et al., 2016; Chung et al., 2017). Other suggested stabilizing approaches include using chitosan, polystyrene, polydivinylbenzene, fluoride polymers, and sulfonate polymers (Chung et al., 2016; Ryu et al., 2016; Chung et al., 2017; Snydacker, 2018; Snydacker et al., 2019b, a). Figure 1. Schematic representation of the synthesis of manganese oxide ion sieve and ion-exchange behavior (Feng et al., 1999). MnOx sorbents are widely considered very promising sorbents for full-scale application and new projects being developed for the extraction of lithium from Salton Sea geothermal brines may use MnOx sorbents in their lithium sorption processes (Chao, 2020). Other metal oxides, such as titanium oxides, have been shown to selectively adsorb lithium and may be utilized in the future, but currently these materials are still being investigated at a fundamental level in the laboratory and are not yet developed for commercial application (Li et al., 2018; Chaban et al., 2019). 3.3.3 Titanium oxides Crystal TiOx that have been used in batteries have also generated interest as molecular sieve ion-exchange adsorbents for lithium (Li et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2012). Studies have demonstrated that TiOx were at least as effective as MnOx for the sorption of lithium ions from solution (Chaban et al., 2016; Li et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2017). Spinel TiOx are more acid stable, potentially conferring robustness during cycling between sorption and stripping processes (Li et al., 2018). TiOx may have some advantages over MnOx, including being considered more environmentally friendly, but TiOx is still being investigated at a fundamental level in the laboratory (Chaban et al., 2019; Li et al., 2018). Few studies have examined the efficacy of TiOx in complex brines, but H2TiO3 was found to have high selectivity for lithium over other monovalent or divalent cations; however, sorption kinetics may be slow (Chitrakar et al., 2014a; Wang et al., 2017). 3.3.4 Other inorganic sorbents Other metal oxides have been proposed for use as lithium adsorbents. Activated alumina, an aluminum oxide (AlOx), has been proposed as a sorbent for lithium extraction from brines (Burba et al., 2015; Burba et al., 2014; Fujii, 1994a, b; Harrison, 2015, 2013; Harrison et al., 2017; Harrison et al., 2019; Luo et al., 2008). Snydacker et al. (2018) applied high-throughput density functional theory and specific ion interaction theory to identify candidate lithium metal oxide compounds and identified numerous compounds as potential lithium extractants, including LiAlO2, LiCuO2, Li2MnO3, Li4Mn5O12, Li2SnO3, Li4TiO4, Li4Ti5O12, Li7Ti11O24, and Li3VO4 (Snydacker et al., 2018). Titanium(IV) antimonate has been proposed as a cation-exchange sorbent for extracting lithium from seawater and hydrothermal brines (Abe and Chitrakar, 1987; Abe and Hayashi, 1984). Spinel-type lithium antimony manganese oxide has also been shown to be an effective variant of MnOx for the sorption of lithium (Chitrakar et al., 2000). Ho et al. (1978) filled the macropores of activated carbon Stringfellow and Dobson 5PDF Image | Lithium Extraction from Hybrid Geothermal Power
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)