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Stringfellow and Dobson with a tin oxide and hydrous tin oxide and found high selectivity for lithium over other alkali metals. They also tested a number of other hydrous oxides, including Al(III), Fe(III), Zr(IV), and Nb(V), but did not find these metal oxides to be effective for lithium adsorption (Ho et al., 1978). Other inorganic materials that have been proposed for sorption of lithium include thorium arsenate and natural or synthetic clays (Alberti and Massucci, 1970; Belova, 2010; Belova, 2017; Wisniewska et al., 2018). Crystalline Th(HAsO4)2·H2O was used to separate lithium from other alkali metal ions (Alberti and Massucci, 1970) . Clay such as zeolite can be modified with AlOH and other chemicals to make lithium sorbates (Belova, 2010; Belova, 2017; Wisniewska et al., 2018). Belova (2017) found AlOH-modified zeolite showed selectivity with regard to lithium ions. Wisniewska et al. (2018) investigated the possibility of extracting lithium from geothermal water using natural and synthetic zeolites and zeolites treated with poly-acrylic acid. 3.4 Organic Solvent Separations Solvent extraction is a well established technology for the separation of metals from aqueous solutions. Solvent extraction is economically used in industry for the extraction and concentration of metals, particularly valuable or semi-valuable metals, such as copper and uranium (Rotuska and Chmielewski, 2008; Fleitlikh et al., 2018; McKinley and Ghahreman, 2018; Perez et al., 2019; Nguyen et al., 2020; Solvay, 2020; Spasic et al., 2020). Solvent extraction is economical for the extraction of metals from aqueous solutions due to the simplicity of the equipment and operation, but chemical costs may be significant (Fleitlikh et al., 2018; McKinley and Ghahreman, 2018; Perez et al., 2019; Nguyen et al., 2020; Pramanik et al., 2020; Spasic et al., 2020). It has been shown that solvent extraction techniques may be used to separate lithium quantitatively and selectively from aqueous solutions (e.g., Lee et al., 1968; Hano et al., 1992; Swain, 2016; Li et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2021). Metals extracted into an organic, nonpolar phase are typically recovered by use of an aqueous stripping agent, commonly an acidic solution, such as hydrochloric acid. The most lithium-selective solvents are in the family of crown ethers (Swain, 2016; Liu et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2021). 3.4.1 Crown ethers Crown ethers and aza crown ethers have been shown to have selective reactivity with lithium (Swain, 2016). Cation extraction by the polydentate structure of crown ether is governed by the structure (steric properties) of the ether and electrostatic interactions between lithium and oxygens in the crown ether (Figure 2) (Swain, 2016). The selectivity order for alkali metals by crown ether is dependent on the cavity size and the bonding of lithium decreases as the crown ring size increases (Bartsch et al., 1985; Swain, 2016). Crown ethers and aza crown ethers of the structure 15-crown-5 or smaller have lithium selectivity (Figure 2), with 12-crown-4 and possibly 14-crown- 4, with or without pendant arms, appear to have the greatest selectivity toward lithium over competing alkaline metals (Bartsch et al., 1985; Swain, 2016; Liu et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2021). Figure 2. Crown ether ring size determines affinity for lithium ion, with smaller ring structures being more selective for lithium. (Swain, 2016). Modifications of crown ether extractions include attaching crown ethers to carbon nanotubes, and combining crown ethers with ionic liquid extraction or supercritical fluid extraction (Abbott et al., 2011; Swain, 2016; Torrejos et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2019; Ruttinger et al., 2019; Zhu et al., 2019; Pálsdóttir et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2021). Crown ethers having pendant side arms with functional groups such as carboxylic acids, aromatic carboxylic acids, phosphoric acids, phenolic moieties, alcohols, and amines form strong bonds with lithium 6PDF Image | Lithium Extraction from Hybrid Geothermal Power
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)