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4.5 Integrated Systems for Commercial Direct Lithium Extraction There are numerous examples of process trains for lithium recovery from geothermal brines and most, in not all, include steps for removing alkaline and alkaline earth metals and many include processes for heavy metal removal or recovery. Most processes for geothermal brines were applied in the laboratory or proposed on paper, but some direct lithium extraction processes have been pilot tested at geothermal facilities in the Salton Sea KGRA (EnergySource Minerals, 2021, 2020; Featherstone et al., 2019; Harrison, 2014; Harrison et al., 2014; Schultze and Bauer, 1984). New geothermal lithium projects are under commercial development in the Salton Sea KGRA and there is also interest in extraction of lithium from geothermal brines in Europe (Chao, 2020; EnergySource Minerals, 2021, 2020; Eramet, 2020a). As discussed above, the most advanced technologies are in the realm of solid adsorbents and most, if not all, current commercial lithium recovery process are based on using molecular sieve ion-exchange sorbents for the extraction of lithium. 5. CONCLUSIONS There are a number of different approaches being investigated for the direct extraction of lithium from geothermal brines. The most advanced technologies are in the realm of solid adsorbents and most commercialized lithium recovery process are based on using molecular sieve ion-exchange sorbents for the extraction of lithium. Although many solid sorbents are entering commercial application, there is still a need to conduct laboratory and pilot-scale testing of many lithium sorbents against Salton Sea geothermal brines to determine the performance of the sorbents under real-world conditions. The full-scale application of more advanced AlOH and MnOx sorbents still needs to be demonstrated. Solvent extraction with crown ethers is a promising area for developing a direct lithium extraction technology, but both fundamental and applied research is needed to advance and validate this technology. Crown ether technology is still at a very low technology readiness level and has not been proven against geothermal brines. However, if this technology can be validated, it has the potential to reduce the need for extensive pretreatment and simplify extraction processes. Other promising low technology readiness level technologies include ion-imprinted polymers and cyclic siloxanes. It is apparent that lithium extraction and recovery from geothermal brines is becoming technically possible, but challenges still remain in developing a sustainable process that can serve as a foundation for the lithium dependent low-carbon economy. For many technologies, laboratory studies can no longer address major questions concerning the development of direct lithium extraction processes and more expensive and risky field studies at larger scales using actual brines are needed to advance geothermal lithium resource extraction. 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Technology Development, Geothermal Technologies Office, under Award Number DE-AC02-05CH11231 with LBNL. We would like to thank Ji Yeon Lee (LBNL) for her assistance on this project. 7. REFERENCES Abbott, A. P., Frisch, G., Hartley, J., and Ryder, K. S.: Processing of metals and metal oxides using ionic liquids, Green Chemistry, 13, 471-481, 2011. Abe, M. and Chitrakar, R.: Synthetic inorganic ion-exchange materials. XLV. Recovery of lithium from seawater and hydrothermal water by titanium(iv) antimonate cation-exchanger, Hydrometallurgy, 19, 117-128, 1987. Abe, M. and Hayashi, K.: Synthetic inorganic ion-exchange materials. XXXIV. Selective separation of lithium from seawater by tin(iv) antimonate cation-exchanger, Hydrometallurgy, 12, 83-93, 1984. Albemarle Corporation: https://www.albemarle.com/businesses/lithium/resources--recycling/lithium-resources, last access: December 2020. Alberti, G. and Massucci, M. A.: Crystalline insoluble acid salts of tetravalent metals IX: Thorium arsenate, a new inorganic ion- exchanger specific for lithium, Journal of Inorganic & Nuclear Chemistry, 32, 1719-1727, 1970. Alston, K., Waldman, M., Blunden, J., Lee, R., and Epriman, A.: Building Lithium Valley: Opportunities and challenges ahead for , New Energy Nexus, 2020. Ambrose, H. and Kendall, A.: Understanding the future of lithium: Part 1, resource model, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 24, 2020. Ammundsen, B. and Paulsen, J.: Novel lithium-ion cathode materials based on layered manganese oxides, Advanced Materials, 13(11- 12), 943-956, 2001. Asano, S., Ishida, H., and Nakai, T.: Method for recovering lithium, Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., LTD., US Patent 9,677,152 2017. Bai, X., Dai, J. D., Ma, Y., Bian, W. B., and Pan, J. M.: 2-(Allyloxy) methylol-12-crown-4 ether functionalized polymer brushes from porous PolyHIPE using UV-initiated surface polymerization for recognition and recovery of lithium, Chemical Engineering Journal, 380, 2020. Bakane, P. A.: Overview of extraction of mineral/metals with the help of geothermal fluid, Proceedings, 38th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 6 p., 2013. 11 Stringfellow and DobsonPDF Image | Lithium Extraction from Hybrid Geothermal Power
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ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |