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Membranes 2022, 12, x 2 of 29 Membranes 2022, 12, 373 Historically, lithium has been used for the production of glassware and ceramic ma- propellant industries, vitamin A and, of course, in pharmaceuticals (Figure 1) [9]. This unique and lightweight alkali metal has an outstanding electrochemical potential of 3.04 rocket propellant industries, vitamin A and, of course, in pharmaceuticals (Figure 1) [9]. V, a high energy density and excellent conductive abilities along with long-life expectan- terial, greases, lubricants and rubbers, lightweight alloys, polymers, air treatment, rocket This unique and lightweight alkali metal has an outstanding electrochemical potential cies [12]. For instance, Liu et al. recently reviewed the performance of various batteries of 3.04 V, a high energy density and excellent conductive abilities along with long-life and found that lithium-ion batteries had many obvious advantages in comparison to lead- expectancies [12]. For instance, Liu et al. recently reviewed the performance of various acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hybrids, and redox flow cells [13]. Furthermore, the batteries and found that lithium-ion batteries had many obvious advantages in comparison 2 of 29 use of lithium batteries is predicted to produce better hybrid and electric-powered vehi- to lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hybrids, and redox flow cells [13]. Furthermore, cles [14–19] as well as demonstrate great potential for large capacity green energy storage the use of lithium batteries is predicted to produce better hybrid and electric-powered [20]. vehicles [14–19] as well as demonstrate great potential for large capacity green energy storage [20]. Figure 1. Annual use of lithium in tonnes in each of the primary lithium usage industries from Figure 1. Annual use of lithium in tonnes in each of the primary lithium usage industries from 2003– 2003–2010 [9]. 2010 [9]. In terms of abundance, seawater brines (59%) and mineral clays (25%) are the most proIfnoutnedrmnsatoufrallbyuoncdcuarnrcineg, speraimwartyersoburricnesso(f5l9it%hi)uamn,dwmithinsearawlactelarybsri(n2e5s%d)omarienatthinegmost prtohfeounantdurnaaltsurpaplly o(Fcicgurrein2ga)p[2r1im].aHryowsoevuerrc,eLsiodfoleisthnioutmo,ccwuirthnasteuarwalalyteinr bitrsinfresedstoamteinat- due to its highly reactive nature, hence more stable compounds such as Li CO , LiOH or ing the natural supply (Figure 2a) [21]. However, Li does not occur n2atur3ally in its free LiCl are generally formed. More importantly, in different resources, they normally co-exist state due to its highly reactive nature, hence more stable compounds such as Li2CO3, LiOH with abundant other ions including, but not limited to, magnesium, calcium, iron, sodium, or LiCl are generally formed. More importantly, in different resources, they normally co- potassium, borates, sulphate, and bicarbonates, which makes lithium harvesting much exist with abundant other ions including, but not limited to, magnesium, calcium, iron, more challenging [22–25]. Among these resources, lithium recovery from lithium-bearing sodium, potassium, borates, sulphate, and bicarbonates, which makes lithium harvesting minerals and clays (spodumene, lepidolite, zinnwalidite, ambloygonite and petalite) has much more challenging [22–25]. Among these resources, lithium recovery from lithium- been well studied. Some commonly used methods developed to date include chemical bearing minerals and clays (spodumene, lepidolite, zinnwalidite, ambloygonite and pet- leaching [26], bioleaching [27], and pressure leaching [28]. Whilst harvesting a high purity alite) has been well studied. Some commonly used methods developed to date include Li2CO3 at 99%, these conventional processes are generally energy-intensive and cause chenmvicroanlmleeanchtailncgon[2c6e]r,nbsi[o2l9e,a30c]h.inFogr[e2x7a],mapnlde,plirthesiusmuredeleriavcehdinfrgom[28P]o.rWtuhgiulsetsehgaravneistteing a higrohckpuisraitryouLnid2C2O.53 taimt 9e9s%m,otrheecsoestclyonthvaentliothniaulmpcrolclescsteds farroemgCenheilrealnlyberinerrgeys-eirnvtesn.sive Hence, owing to the high availability of the aqueous reservoirs, such sources can serve as a and cause environmental concerns [29,30]. For example, lithium derived from Portuguese major supply for effective lithium recovery in comparison to their hard rock equivalents granite rock is around 2.5 times more costly than lithium collected from Chilean brine (Figure 2a). reserves. Hence, owing to the high availability of the aqueous reservoirs, such sources can Furthermore, lithium recovery and recycling from secondary resources has quickly serve as a major supply for effective lithium recovery in comparison to their hard rock grown in importance to accommodate the ever-rising demand for lithium consumption equivalents (Figure 2a). through sustainable lithium harvesting. Over the past few years, out of all the available Furthermore, lithium recovery and recycling from secondary resources has quickly secondary resources, lithium-ion batteries have emerged as the most prominent source grown in importance to accommodate the ever-rising demand for lithium consumption for lithium recycling, accounting for 35% of total lithium consumption which is expected through sustainable lithium harvesting. Over the past few years, out of all the available to be doubled over the next decade (Figure 2b) [31]. For instance, the electrification of secthoengdlaorbyalrtersaonusprcoerts,selictthoiruims i-niodnembanttderfioerslihthaivueme-imonerbgaettderaiesstahnedmsomste pcoroumntrinieesn(te.sgo.,urce for lithium recycling, accounting for 35% of total lithium consumption which is expectedPDF Image | Lithium Harvesting using Membranes
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)