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Membranes 2022, 12, 373 contain a reasonable percentage of Li (5–7 wt.%), only 3% of the total spent LIBs are recy- cled, with minimal focus on lithium recycling [21]. However, there has been growing and remarkable attention on the development of sustainable lithium recycling technologies from used lithium-ion batteries. In this review, methodologies developed recently for lithium extraction and recycling from the most abundant primary and secondary lithium resources (continental brines and LIBs, respectively) are thoroughly reviewed. A direct comparison between conventional Norway) are leading the way in sustainable, circular battery production. As more LIBs strengths and weaknesses within the existing processes. A special focus will be given to are demanded, it becomes even more significant to recycle and reuse them. Although membrane-based technologies being sought out to offer systemic approaches to tackle the LIBs contain a reasonable percentage of Li (5–7 wt.%), only 3% of the total spent LIBs are 3 of 29 technologies and membrane-based lithium harvesting methods is drawn, focusing on above-mentioned technological challenges [2]. Owing to the small footprint, good treat- recycled, with minimal focus on lithium recycling [21]. However, there has been growing maenndtrefmfeacrtk,abnldealottwentciosnt,omntehmebdreavneelosphmaevnetroefcseuivsteadinianbclerelaitshiinugmartetecnyctiloingitnecthneoplorgeiceisous mferotamlruesceodvleirthyiufimel-dio.nbatteries. Figure 2. (a) Lithium distribution based upon primary lithium resources and (b) distribution of Figure 2. (a) Lithium distribution based upon primary lithium resources and (b) distribution of from the most abundant primary and secondary lithium resources (continental brines and global lithium consumption for various applications. global lithium consumption for various applications. In this review, methodologies developed recently for lithium extraction and recycling 2. Methodologies for Liquid-Based Lithium Harvesting and Their Environmental Im- pacts LIBs, respectively) are thoroughly reviewed. A direct comparison between conventional A variety of techniques have been developed in the past decades for effective lithium technologies and membrane-based lithium harvesting methods is drawn, focusing on extraction from aqueous sources. These methods include ion exchange (exchange of ions strengths and weaknesses within the existing processes. A special focus will be given to between the liquid and solid phase) [32], adsorption (transfer of components from liquid membrane-based technologies being sought out to offer systemic approaches to tackle the onto the solid surface) [33], solvent extraction [34], and precipitation [35] (Figure 3). The above-mentioned technological challenges [2]. Owing to the small footprint, good treatment strengths and deficiencies of lithium harvesting both from seawater brines (Primary Li effect, and low cost, membranes have received increasing attention in the precious metal soreucrocvee)raynfideLldI.Bs (secondary Li source) using conventional technologies are summarized in Table 1. Compared to hard rock lithium mining (e.g., crushing, grinding and dense 2. Methodologies for Liquid-Based Lithium Harvesting and Their Environmental Impacts medium separations), lithium recovery from aqueous sources has received increasing at- A variety of techniques have been developed in the past decades for effective lithium tention. This is owing to the aqueous extractions being comparatively less energy-inten- extraction from aqueous sources. These methods include ion 2e+xchange (exchange of ions sive and more cost-effective. However, the presence of Mg in brines poses a challenge between the liquid and solid phase) [32], adsorption (transfer of components from liquid for effective and efficient separations due to the great similarity in chemical properties onto the solid surface) [33], solvent extraction [34], and precipitation [35] (Figure 3). The between Li and Mg ions. Tuning the performance of extraction technologies has become strengths and deficiencies of lithium harvesting both from seawater brines (Primary Li a key focus in recent studies in order to optimise Li extractions in complex Mg:Li ratio source) and LIBs (secondary Li source) using conventional technologies are summarized in brines [36]. In addition to dealing with the complicated and time-consuming separations, Table 1. Compared to hard rock lithium mining (e.g., crushing, grinding and dense medium these conventional techniques typically produce a large volume of waste and cause severe separations), lithium recovery from aqueous sources has received increasing attention. This corrosion of the system [31,37–40]. is owing to the aqueous extractions being comparatively less energy-intensive and more cost-effective. However, the presence of Mg2+ in brines poses a challenge for effective and efficient separations due to the great similarity in chemical properties between Li and Mg ions. Tuning the performance of extraction technologies has become a key focus in recent studies in order to optimise Li extractions in complex Mg:Li ratio brines [36]. In addition to dealing with the complicated and time-consuming separations, these conventional techniques typically produce a large volume of waste and cause severe corrosion of the system [31,37–40].PDF Image | Lithium Harvesting using Membranes
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)