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tional methods and hybrid processes have also been reported, including membrane-elec- Membranes 2022, 12, 373 trodialysis [32], membrane-adsorption [48], and membrane-solvent extraction [49]. To meet the sharply growing Li demand and also to overcome the barriers of lithium harvesting from brines and lithium-ion batteries, more cost-effective, efficient and envi- ronmentally friendly techniques are highly demanded. In the meanwhile, the technologi- cal development and improvement of existing lithium mining and recycling processe4soafr2e9 also of critical importance to promote a more sustainable Li future. Figure 3. A schematic diagram summarizing the commonly used techniques for lithium harvesting. Figure 3. A schematic diagram summarizing the commonly used techniques for lithium harvesting. Table 1. Summary of strengths and weaknesses of using old conventional methodologies for Li 3. Lithium Recovery from Brines/Seawater harvesting from Sea-water brines and LIBs. 3.1. Conventional Methods Techniques/Processes Strengths Weaknesses Despite intensive technological development, conventional extractions from brines Conhvaevnetisouncaclutemchbneodlotgoietosofomr LainthyidumefiecxietrnaciteiosnafnrdomreBqruinires/cSaeraewfualtearnd systematic adaptations Precipitation Solvent Extraction Adsorption Electrodialysis for varied brine conditions. In most recent research, these conventional techniques (i.e., Simple Process, Green energy source Time-consuming, A high volume of waste precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction and adsorption) have been incorporated with mem- (solar evaporation) brane technologies to improve Li extracting efficiency and also to reduce the industrial A high volume of waste, expensive carbon footprint, however, they have not been commonly practised in industry. 3.1.1. Precipitation Simple operation, low energy In the 1990s, precipitation was primarily employexepdetnosipvree, cpiopwitdaetreyLainadftearstilhyedregmraodveal simple, adaptable and continuous operation co-agents, highly corrosive solvents, Toxic material formations consumption. Adaptable in acid-driven desorption of co-existing ions by applying solar evaporation and various precipitants (Equations (1)– (5)). Typically, this consists of seven stages (Figure 4) that alter the composition of the brine; concentrating or precipitating the brine at each stage. Tcohreromsiavienmioatnesrioalfsinterest for removal are Mg2+ and Ca2+ as the smaller ions (e.g., Na+) are readily extracted by evapora- Time-consuming, adsorbents are Tailorable for Li production Time-consuming, hazardous and Pre-treatment technologies for Lithium recycling from spent Lithium-Ion Batteries tion via crystallization [48–50]. High separation efficiency Simple operation, almost no exhaust emission Simple operation, high throughput High cost of solvent, environmental hazards Noise pollution, high device investment High energy consumption, high device investment, poisonous gas emission Solvent dissolution Ultrasonic-assisted separation Thermal Treatment Conventional technologies for Lithium recycling from Lithium-Ion Batteries Pyro-metallurgy, e.g., High-temperature alloy reduction followed by Li extraction Hydro-metallurgy, e.g., leaching and solvent extraction. Bio-metallurgy, e.g., microorganism cultivation. Great capacity, simple operation Low energy consumption, high metal recovery rate Low energy consumption, mild operating conditions High temperature, high energy consumption, low metal recovery rate A long recovery process, high chemical reagents consumption Long reaction period, bacteria are difficult to cultivatePDF Image | Lithium Harvesting using Membranes
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)