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Membranes 2022, 12, 373 5 of 29 Similarly, a range of methods have been proposed for lithium recycling from spent LIBs, including hydro-metallurgy [2], pyro-metallurgy [41], bio-metallurgy [42] and hybrid processes (Figure 3) [38,43–45]. The above-mentioned separation techniques are often assisted by several pre-treatment processes to facilitate an efficient lithium recovery. The as-received LIBs are first discharged by dipping them in salt solutions to avoid sponta- neous combustion or short-circuiting. Later, the batteries are dismantled into different parts including plastic, electrodes and electrolyte before forwarding them for subsequent lithium extraction processes [46]. However, these pre-treatment processes cannot effectively address the problems associated with excessive hazardous chemical consumption and pose significant environmental issues. Furthermore, the secondary phase of the processes, Li recycling, is highly energy-intensive and time-consuming [46]. Among lithium harvesting technologies, membrane-based processes are a relatively novel technique. These processes offer many advantages compared with conventional methods, such as easy operation, low energy consumption, high efficiency, small footprints and ease of scalability [44,46]. Therefore, membrane-based processes are highly promising to act as a preferable technique for effective lithium recovery. In recent years, a wide range of membrane-based processes have been developed, particularly for lithium recovery from brines and seawater. Apart from typical pressure-driven membrane separation pro- cesses, such as nanofiltration (NF) [47], many integrated membrane-conventional methods and hybrid processes have also been reported, including membrane-electrodialysis [32], membrane-adsorption [48], and membrane-solvent extraction [49]. To meet the sharply growing Li demand and also to overcome the barriers of lithium harvesting from brines and lithium-ion batteries, more cost-effective, efficient and environ- mentally friendly techniques are highly demanded. In the meanwhile, the technological development and improvement of existing lithium mining and recycling processes are also of critical importance to promote a more sustainable Li future. 3. Lithium Recovery from Brines/Seawater 3.1. Conventional Methods Despite intensive technological development, conventional extractions from brines have succumbed to too many deficiencies and require careful and systematic adaptations for varied brine conditions. In most recent research, these conventional techniques (i.e., pre- cipitation, liquid-liquid extraction and adsorption) have been incorporated with membrane technologies to improve Li extracting efficiency and also to reduce the industrial carbon footprint, however, they have not been commonly practised in industry. 3.1.1. Precipitation In the 1990s, precipitation was primarily employed to precipitate Li after the removal of co-existing ions by applying solar evaporation and various precipitants (Equations (1)–(5)). Typically, this consists of seven stages (Figure 4) that alter the composition of the brine; concentrating or precipitating the brine at each stage. The main ions of interest for removal are Mg2+ and Ca2+ as the smaller ions (e.g., Na+) are readily extracted by evaporation via crystallization [48–50]. Mg2+ + Strong Alkali → Mg Carbonate or Mg Salt (1) Mg2+ + Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2 + Ca2+ (2) Ca2+ + CaCl2 + coexisting ions → CaSO4•2H2O (3) 2Li+ + Na2CO3 → Li2CO3 + 2Na+ (4) Mg2+ + Ca(OH)2 + SO42− + 2H2O → CaSO4•2H2O + Mg(OH)2 (5)PDF Image | Lithium Harvesting using Membranes
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)