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nonflammability, high thermal and electrochemical stability, and outstanding ionic con- Membranes 2022, 12, 373 ductivity even under anhydrous conditions [60]. Previously, typical ILs such as hexafluor- ophosphate (PF) and bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide (NTf) were employed due to their immiscibility in water. However, this results in fluoride hydrolysis to hydrofluoric acid (Equation (6)) [61]. 7 of 29 6H +PF +6H2O+HNO3 →H3PO4 +6HF+HNO3 +2H2O (6) Figure 5. Solvent extraction process principle [55]. M refers to Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and S refers Figure 5. Solvent extraction process principle [55]. M refers to Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and S refers to to extractants. extractants. To eliminate the unfavourable products (HF), functionalized ionic liquids (FILs) which coulTdopreolimointeatehethineteurnafcatvionusrabbeltewpereondmucettsal(-HcoFo)r,dfiunnactteiognraoluizpesdaniodnitcheliqmueitdasl i(oFnILso)- wluhticehwceorueldstupdroiemdo. tTehtehefuintcetrioanctailoinzastbioentwoefetnhemieotnailc-cloiqourdidinhaatse pgreovuiposuaslnydbtehenmacehtailevioend soulsuintegwfuernectsitoundailedg.roTuhpesfusnucthioansaalilzkaytliso,npohfotshpehiaotneisc olirqaumidinhoa,s fporeevxioaumsplyleb[e6e1n,6a2c]h. iMevoerde urseincegnftulyn,cpthionsaplhgartoe-ubpasesducFhILasswalekryelesm, phloyspedhaatnesdoarliatmhiiunmo,efxotrraecxtaiomnpeleffi[c6i1e,n6c2y].oMf 7o0r%e rewcaesntrleyp,oprhteodsp.hBatiee-tbals.epdeFrfIoLrsmweedreaedmetpalioleydedstaunddyaonlithieulmitheixutmracsteiopnareaftfiiocniemnceychoafn7i0s%m wuassinrgepeoxrttreadc.tiBoani aent dals. tprieprfpoirnmg efdorabdrienteasilewditshtuladrygeonMtgh/eLlitrhaiutimos.seItphaarastbioenenmfeocuhnadnitshmat utshinegadexdtirtaiocntionf tarniadlksytrlmipeptihnyglafomrmbroinieusmwidtih(2la-ertgheyMlhgex/Lyil)roarttihoos.pIhtohsapshbieneantef,oturinbdutyhlapththoes- phate(TBP)andFeCl inMg-densebrinesledtotheformationof[Li·2TBP][FeCl],which addition of trialkylme3thylammonium di(2-ethylhexyl)orthophosphinate, tributy4l phos- upon stripping resulted in the formation of lithium enriched complexes, i.e., Li.2TBP [63]. phate (TBP) and FeCl3 in Mg-dense brines led to the formation of [Li·2TBP][FeCl4], which Overall, the application of FILs has achieved a high lithium selectivity, enabling fast ab- upon stripping resulted in the formation of lithium enriched complexes, i.e., Li.2TBP [63]. sorbance and interference-free lithium extraction [61–65]. It has also been found that FILs Overall, the application of FILs has achieved a high lithium selectivity, enabling fast ab- and ILs have a lower energy barrier than solvent alone [58], however, they require a high sorbance and interference-free lithium extraction [61–65]. It has also been found that FILs pH condition [66]. and ILs have a lower energy barrier than solvent alone [58], however, they require a high To tackle these challenges, the application of synergistic solvent extraction has been pH condition [66]. extremely useful in amplifying lithium extractions [56]. Such solvents can be defined as hav- To tackle these challenges, the application of synergistic solvent extraction has been ing a greater extraction capability when working in combination rather than independently. extremely useful in amplifying lithium extractions [56]. Such solvents can be defined as Hence, this class of materials has been of great research interest in recent years and also having a greater extraction capability when working in combination rather than inde- has demonstrated great effectiveness in synergistic solvent extraction [56,57]. Interestingly, pendently. Hence, this class of materials has been of great research interest in recent years Zhang et al. determined that the amplification of synergic effect would be greater with and also has demonstrated great effectiveness in synergistic solvent extraction [56,57]. In- alkyl groups in comparison to alkoxy groups. Furthermore, it has been found that synergic terestingly, Zhang et al. determined that the amplification of synergic effect would be reagents such as TPPO (triphenylphosphine oxide) would reduce the synergic abilities greater with alkyl groups in comparison to alkoxy groups. Furthermore, it has been found within the mixture because of the conjugation of benzene rings with P=O, which decreases that synergic reagents such as TPPO (triphenylphosphine oxide) would reduce the syner- the electron density around the P=O. By optimizing the concentrations and interactions gic abilities within the mixture because of the conjugation of benzene rings with P=O, between two solvents, synergistic solvent extractions have achieved up to 90% Li extraction which decreases the electron density around the P=O. By optimizing the concentrations in natural and synthetic brines [59]. and interactions between two solvents, synergistic solvent extractions have achieved up Although giving promising approaches for lithium harvesting, these solvent extraction to 90% Li extraction in natural and synthetic brines [59]. methods usually produce a large volume of waste materials and require expensive co-agents Although giving promising approaches for lithium harvesting, these solvent extrac- to improve process efficiency. Moreover, TBP solvents are highly corrosive, which could tion methods usually produce a large volume of waste materials and require expensive cause severe damage to the primary equipment. co-agents to improve process efficiency. Moreover, TBP solvents are highly corrosive, which could cause severe damage to the primary equipment. 3.1.3. Adsorption The adsorption method has been considered as one of the most convenient technolo- gies for lithium recovery from aqueous resources and is especially suitable for lithium recovery from salt lake brines with a high Mg/Li ratio and seawater brines with complex compositions [33]. Adsorption differs from the ion exchange process, and lithium ions are separated selectively from aqueous solutions through physical or chemical adsorption interactions. A flow chart for the lithium extraction via a typical adsorption process is displayed in Figure 6.PDF Image | Lithium Harvesting using Membranes
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)