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Membranes 2022, 12, 373 9 of 29 aqueous solution has been very limited due to inefficient lithium adsorption/desorption cycles. Furthermore, low lithium recovery efficiency has hindered their applications in the industry. To tackle these challenges, future works should be focused on the development of attractive LTO-type sorbents for selective lithium extraction with superior advantages including high ion-exchange capacity, high lithium selectivity, high stability and economic efficiency [73,74]. The lithium extraction via the ion-sieve adsorption process has the obvious advantages of simple operation and low energy consumption. It is particularly suitable for extracting lithium from the salt lake brines with high magnesium to lithium ratio. However, the recovery process requires a long contact time for lithium ions and the adsorbents. Moreover, the adsorbents used are usually powdery and expensive and may degrade during the acid- driven desorption process. Despite their many advantages, conventional techniques have demonstrated various disadvantages such as high energy consumption, large waste production and excessive operational requirements (Table 1). In order to accomplish equivalently high yields and/or purity of Li demonstrated in conventional extraction methods from brines, and overcome their shortcomings, membrane technologies have been widely investigated (Table 2). Table 2. A comparison of the process efficiency and percentage lithium removal from conventional methodologies. Lithium Extraction Technologies Precipitation Solvent Extraction Adsorption Membranes Process Efficiency >90 60–90 >75 >90 3.2. Membrane-Based Separation Processes Percentage Lithium Removal 90–99 85–97 95–99 80–99 References [48–52] [53–66] [67–74] [42,75–108] As afore-discussed, despite some promising and constructive progress made, conven- tional methods for lithium harvesting still suffer from numerous disadvantages, such as low efficiency, high energy consumption, and severe environmental concerns. In recent years, membrane-based separation technology has emerged as a promising alternative for lithium separation and is preferred over conventional techniques. There are various benefits of membrane methods that have been the focus of recent lithium separation research in the lithium sector due to its excellent selectivity. More specifically, membranes advance the separation in low concentrations of different species and have greater abilities to operate effectively in applications that demand purity. Other benefits for considering this lithium purification method are the simple membrane unit design, ease of operation, low-cost and simple installation technique. 3.2.1. Nanofiltration Nanofiltration (NF) is a pressure-driven membrane-based separation technology [75–77]. An NF membrane has a molecular weight cut-off of 0.2–10 kDa, between that of reverse osmosis (RO) (<0.2 kDa) and ultrafiltration (UF) (1–500 kDa) membranes. Hence, it has the unique capability of removing inorganic salts from salt aqueous solution [77]. Especially, NF membranes are capable of preferentially extracting monovalent ions from solutions containing multivalent ions. The selective separation behaviour of NF membrane is based on two basic types of exclusion mechanisms: steric exclusion mechanism and charge based exclusion mecha- nisms [78]. The steric exclusion mechanism is the geometric exclusion of solute particles larger than the membrane pore size. As the pore size of an NF membrane is typically between 1 nm and 10 nm, particles/molecules with big size and high molecular weight, therefore, can be excluded from desired solutions. However, NF membranes usually have a slightly charged surface, and the dimensions of pores are close to the dimensions ofPDF Image | Lithium Harvesting using Membranes
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)