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Membranes 2022, 12, 373 in extracting Li+ from a diluted brine due to its higher hydraulic permeability to pure wa- ter, low critical pressure of zero Pa and higher monovalent ion selectivity that can be achieved at low working pressures (less than 15 bar). It was also found that NF mem- branes were preferable to LPRO membranes in terms of lithium-magnesium separation. Bi et al. also studied the recovery of lithium from high Mg2+/Li+ ratio brine by nanofiltra- 11 of 29 tion [77]. In their study, NF proved to be an efficient approach to recover Li+ and reduce the Mg2+/Li+ ratio from brines with a high Mg2+/Li+ ratio. They also proved that the mass transport inside the NF membrane is governed by the combination of steric hindrance, inside the NF membrane is governed by the combination of steric hindrance, Donnan Donnan exclusion, and dielectric exclusion. Sun et al. studied the separation and enrich- exclusion, and dielectric exclusion. Sun et al. studied the separation and enrichment of ment of lithium from brine with a high Mg2+/Li+ ratio using a Desal (DL) NF membrane lithium from brine with a high Mg2+/Li+ ratio using a Desal (DL) NF membrane [83]. They [83]. They found that a low pH benefited the separation by increasing the rejection rate of found that a low pH benefited the separation by increasing the rejection rate of magnesium magnesium and decreasing the rejection rate of lithium, while a high Mg2+/Li+ ratio nega- and decreasing the rejection rate of lithium, while a high Mg2+/Li+ ratio negatively affected tively affected the separation by increasing the rejection rate of lithium and decreasing the the separation by increasing the rejection rate of lithium and decreasing the rejection rate rejection rate of magnesium. Yang et al. filtrated the Mg2+/Li+/Cl− solutions with a com- of magnesium. Yang et al. filtrated the Mg2+/Li+/Cl− solutions with a commercially mercially available nanofiltration membrane to investigate the possibility of enriching the available nanofiltration membrane to investigate the possibility of enriching the lithium lithium component [44]. Within a certain concentration range, their studies found that the component [44]. Within a certain concentration range, their studies found that the Mg2+/Li+ Mg2+/Li+ ratio and+the Li+ concentration did not affect the separation factor. Wen et al. ratio and the Li concentration did not affect the separation factor. Wen et al. investigated investigated the applicability of NF for recovering lithium chloride from lithium-contain- the applicability of NF for recovering lithium chloride from lithium-containing solutions ing solutions by performing a process assessment experiment. A diagram explaining the by performing a process assessment experiment. A diagram explaining the experimental experimental process for NF treatment is presented in Figure 8 [84]. It was found that process for NF treatment is presented in Figure 8 [84]. It was found that steric hindrance steric hindrance became remarkable at higher concentrations due to the formation of ion became remarkable at higher concentrations due to the formation of ion pairs, ion clusters, pairs, ion clusters, and molecules. and molecules. Figure 8. Experimental set-up of the NF treatment; (1) multimedia filter; (2) manganese dioxide sand Figure 8. Experimental set-up of the NF treatment; (1) multimedia filter; (2) manganese dioxide sand filtefirl;t(e3r);(f3ee)dfeteadnkta;n(4k);(f4e)edfepedumpupm;(p5);(p5o)lpypolryopryolpenyelemneicmroifcirlotefirl;t(e6r);(h6i)gh-igphre-pssruersesupruempupm;(p7);(h7e)ahteat exchexacnhgaenr;g(e8r); N(8F) NmFembemrabnreaenlemelenmt;en(9t); (p9e)rpmeeramteatatentkan[8k4][.84]. Commercially available NF membranes are mostly negatively charged. However, Commercially available NF membranes are mostly negatively charged. However, it it has been recently discovered that the positively charged NF membranes tend to be has been recently discovered that the positively charged NF membranes tend to be more moreefficientfortheseparationandrecoveryofmultivalentcations2s+uchasM2+g2+and efficient for the separation and recovery of multivalent cations such as Mg and Ca . This Ca2+. This property is especially of great importance in terms of efficient lithium and property is especially of great importance in terms of efficient lithium and magnesium magnesium separation. Therefore, the development of positively charged NF membranes separation. Therefore, the development of positively charged NF membranes for efficient for efficient lithium recovery has attracted general interest. Li et al. developed a positively charged polyamide composite nanofiltration hollow fibre membrane via the interfacial polymerization of 1,4-Bis(3-aminopropyl) piperazine (DAPP) and trimesoylchloride (TMC) on the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration hollow fibre membrane [85]. The membrane was applied for lithium and magnesium separation, and after the filtration by the composite membrane, the mass ratio of Mg2+/Li+ decreased from an initial 20:1 to 7.7:1, in the MgCl2 and LiCl mixtures, respectively. Zhang et al. fabricated a positively charged NF membrane through interfacial polymerization—with a polyethersulfone (PES) three-channel capillary UF membrane as the substrate and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as the aqueous precursor (Figure 9) [86]. The membrane exhibited long durability and good separation performance for Mg2+ and Li+ when applied to separate mixed salts solution simulating the composition of salt lake brine. Li et al. synthesized a composite NF membrane with a positively charged skin layer via interfacial polymerization between branched poly (ethylene imine) (BPEI) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) with crosslinked polyetherimide as the support (Figure 10) [87].PDF Image | Lithium Harvesting using Membranes
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)