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REFERENCES 1 ViktorEkermo,RecyclingopportunitiesforLi-ionbatteriesfromhybridelectricvehicles:masterofSciencethesisinChemicalEngineering,DepartmentofChemical and Biological Engineering industrial materials Recycling Göteborg, Sweden, 2009. See the table on page 4 for the comparison of voltage and charge densities for common battery chemistries. http://www.chalmers.se/chem/EN/divisions/indstrial-recycling/finished-projects/recycling-opportunities/downloadFile/at- tachedFile_f0/Recycling_opportunities_for_Li-ion.pdf?nocache=1294145371.31 2 Lithium primary batteries are disposable but lithium-ion batteries are not as they are manufactured from a compound of carbon graphite, an electrolyte mixture and lithium compounds. these are divided into three categories: oxides (such as lithium cobalt), a polyanion (such as lithium iron phosphate) or a spinel (such as lithium manganese oxide). technology is available to extract lithium carbonate from lithium-ion but it is not commercially deployed. 3 Polinares, Fact Sheet: Lithium, march 2012. http://www.polinares.eu/docs/d2-1/polinares_wp2_annex2_factsheet4.pdf 4 marketwire, market Research Forecasts the Lithium ion Batteries market at $43 Billion by 2020, 21 march 2012. http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/market-research-forecasts-the-lithium-ion-batteries-market-at-43-billion-by-2020-1634190.htm According to a 2008 uS EPA study, approximately 800,000 tons of automotive batteries, 190,000 tons of industrial batteries, and 160,000 tons of consumer batteries enter the European market. uS Environmental Protection Agency, Recycling and Reuse: Batteries and Accumulators: European union Directive June 2008. http://www.epa.gov/oswer/international/factsheets/pdfs/200806_batteries_eu_directive.pdf 5 u.S. Geological Survey, mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2012. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/mcs-2012-lithi.pdf 6 Based on correspondence with umicore representatives. 7 Critical raw materials for the Eu: Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials, 30 July 2010. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/files/docs/report-b_en.pdf 8 Electric cars are characterised as all electric (EV), hybrid (hEV), or plug-in hybrid (PhEV) vehicles. 9 u.S. Geological Survey & u.S Department of the interior, Lithium use in Batteries, 2012. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1371/pdf/circ1371_508.pdf 10 Damian Kahya, Bolivia holds key to electric car future, BBC News, 9 November 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7707847.stm DEFRA, Lithium in the Automo- tive Sector, toyota, undated http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=EV0458_9880_Oth.pdf 11 toyota tsusho owns a 25 % stake in the Orocobre project. See Orocobre, Orocobre and toyota tsusho Announce JV to Develop Argentine Lithium Project, media release, 20 January 2010. http://www.orocobre.com.au/PDF/ASX_20Jan10_Orocobre%20and%20toyota%20tsusho%20Announce%20JV.pdf 12 EuropeanCommission,CommissionStaffWorkingPaper:AnalysisassociatedwiththeRoadmaptoaResourceEfficientEuropeParti,20September2011,page25. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/resource_efficiency/pdf/working_paper_part1.pdf 13 Democracy Center Special Report, Bolivia and its Lithium: Can the “Gold of the 21st Century” help Lift a Nation out of Poverty? may 2010. http://www.ifg.org/pdf/DClithiumfullreportenglish.pdf 14 CODEFF, REduSE Chile: Litio en el Salar de Atacama, may 2011. 15 CODEFF Data research on lithium within the REduSE Project Partners Countries, April 2011. See summary here: http://www.reduse.org/en/blog/lithium-extraction-chilean-north 16 Democracy Center Special Report, Bolivia and its Lithium: Can the “Gold of the 21st Century” help Lift a Nation out of Poverty? may 2010. http://www.ifg.org/pdf/DClithiumfullreportenglish.pdf 17 See the regularly updated analysis by Bolivian lithium economics expert, Juan Carlos Zuleta: http://seekingalpha.com/author/juan-carlos-zuleta Dan Collyns, Can Bolivia become a green energy superpower? the Guardian, 29 December 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/dec/29/bolivia-green-energy-superpower-lithium 18 Business Wire, Nova mining Corp Enthusiastic about Reports from Lithium Production Deal as market Skyrockets, 2 July 2012. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/nova-mining-corp-enthusiastic-about-reports-from-lithium-production-deal-as-market-skyrockets-2012-07-02 19 Juan Carlos Zuleta, Bolivia’s Development Of Salar De uyuni Lithium Project takes Step Forward Following South Korea Deal – Analyst 7 April 2012. http://seekingalpha.com/instablog/241014-juan-carlos-zuleta/482851-bolivias-development-of-salar-de-uyuni-lithium-project-takes-step-forward-following- south-korea-deal-analyst 20 Democracy Center Special Report, Bolivia and its Lithium: Can the “Gold of the 21st Century” help Lift a Nation out of Poverty? may 2010. http://www.ifg.org/pdf/DClithiumfullreportenglish.pdf the principal minerals of economic interest in these deposits are sphalerite, galena and argentite, which correspond to zinc, lead and silver sulfides, respectively. See http://www.minerasancristobal.com/en/what-we-do/ore 21 European Commission, Commission Staff Working Paper: Analysis associated with the Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe Part ii, 20 September 2011. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/resource_efficiency/pdf/working_paper_part2.pdf 22 it stipulates that collection rates of at least 25 % must be met by the end of September 2012 and 45 % by the end of September 2016. Directive (2006/66/EC) of the European Parliament and of the Council, 6 September 2006. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexuriServ/LexuriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:266:0001:0014:EN:PDF 23 European Battery Recycling Association, 2010: a year of contrasts: further growth in the primary sector but temporary decrease in the Li-ion recycling market, 15 November 2011. www.ebra-recycling.org/sites/default/files/EBRA%20PR-%20BatteryStatistics_year2010_0.pdf Lithium | 5PDF Image | Lithium Li
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)