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REFERENCES 24 Based on personal correspondence with umicore on 26-27 June 2012. 25 European Battery Recycling Association, 2010: a year of contrasts: further growth in the primary sector but temporary decrease in the Li-ion recycling market, 15 November 2011. www.ebra-recycling.org/sites/default/files/EBRA%20PR-%20BatteryStatistics_year2010_0.pdf 26 the recycling targets are defined in terms of average weight: 65 % for lead-acid batteries, 75 % for nickel-cadmium batteries, and 50 % for others. 27 See EPBA for recycling processes for different metals: http://www.epbaeurope.net/recycling.html 28 European Battery Recycling Association, EBRA welcomes the publication of the Commission Regulation on the calculation of recycling efficiencies for the recycling of waste batteries and accumulators, press release, 22 June 2012. http://www.ebra-recycling.org/sites/default/files/20120629_PR%20EBRA-Welcoming%20REG%20on%20RE.pdf European Battery Recycling Association, EPBA Comments on Bio intelligence Services Final Proposals for Capacity marking of Primary Batteries, 10 December 2008. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/batteries/pdf/epba_critique.pdf Relevant waste data is hard to acquire as Eu and national waste-based legislation does not require detailed reporting of lithium waste. Lithium does figure in the European Commission data related to Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) under batteries and end-of-life vehicles, but the data is presented as the total weight recycled and is not broken down by material. See European Commission, Eurostat, Batteries – Key Statistics and Data, accessed 27 June 2012. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/waste/data/wastestreams/batteries http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/waste/data/wastestreams/elvs 29 See Okopol, Review of the European List of Waste, Final Report Executive Summary, November 2008. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/low_review_oekopol.pdf 30 Lithium is highly reactive to water and is therefore usually stored under a cover of viscous hydrocarbon. Lithium-ion batteries can easily rupture, ignite, or explode when exposed to high temperatures, or direct sunlight. 31 Based on personal correspondence with umicore representatives on 26-27 June 2012. No accurate figures are available that shows the compared the cost of extraction to the expense of recycling. 32 Based on personal correspondence with representatives from umicore, Batrec, SNAm and G&P Batteries in June 2012. 33 umicore, ‘We gaan naar het beste jaar ooit', 8 September 2011. http://www.preciousmetals.umicore.com/PmR/media/localPress/2011/20110908_tijd_BAS.pdf 34 these tend to be described as pilot installations designed to test a new technology. u.S. Geological Survey & u.S Department of the interior, Lithium use in Batteries, 2012. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1371/pdf/circ1371_508.pdf Citron in Rogerville, Seine-maritime, France closed in late 2011. i have supplemented this table with figures based on personal correspondence. 35 Figure based on personal correspondence with SARP industries. 36 u.S. Geological Survey & u.S Department of the interior, Lithium use in Batteries, 2012. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1371/pdf/circ1371_508.pdf 37 Based on personal correspondence with SNAm. 38 Based on personal correspondence with Batrec. this figure is based on tonnes of primary lithium batteries only. 39 thisfigurerelatedtoinstalledcapacity,whichisapilotinstallationtotestanewtechnology.Basedonpersonalcorrespondencewithumicoreon26-27June2012. 40 this is calculated using the data from Stiftung Gemeinsames Rücknahmesystem Batterien’s 2011 Annual Review that states lithium-ion batteries made up 2.3 % of the 14,728 portable batteries collected in Germany in 2011. Accurec is the main lithium battery collector is Germany but did not provide specific data on their collection rates after personal correspondence with the company on 7 July 2012. 41 Stibat do not disclose their capacity for collecting lithium batteries. 42 Based on personal correspondence with the Commercial Director from G&P Batteries, 5 July 2012. this figure includes 25 tonnes of primary lithium and 120 tonnes of lithium-ion batteries. 43 interview with SNAm representatives, France on 25 June 2012. See also: http://www.snam.com/en/recycling-charge.php?couche=produit1 44 Based on personal correspondence with SARP industries. CREDitS: mEDiA OWNER, PROPRiEtOR AND PuBLiShER: GLOBAL 2000 Verlagsges.m.b.h., Neustiftgasse 36, 1070 Vienna. – tEXt: Joseph Zacune – PROOFREADiNG: John hyland and Becky Slater – ACKNOWLEDGEmENtS: the author thanks Ariadna Rodrigo (Friends of the Earth Europe), Lisa Kernegger (GLOBAL 2000), Becky Slater and michael Warhurst (Friends of the Earth England Wales and Northern ireland) for the assistance with the content of this report. Furthermore we want to thank the project partners from Friends of the Earth Brazil, Cameroon, Chile and togo. – EDitiNG: Astrid Breit and Stella haller – DESiGN: hannes hofbauer PhOtOS: GLOBAL 2000 (p1), Stella haller (p3). © GLOBAL 2000, Friends of the Earth Europe, Friends of the Earth England Wales and Northern ireland. February 2013 Lithium | 6PDF Image | Lithium Li
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)