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https://doi.org/10.1595/205651317X696676 Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2018, 62, (2) Table II World Brine Compositionsa,b Source Li, wt% Na, wt% Mg, wt% K, wt% Ca, wt% Clayton Valley, USA Salton Sea, USA Salar de Atacama, Chile HombreMuerto, Argentina Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia Searles Lake, USA Great Salt Lake, USA Dead Sea, Israel Sua Pan, India Bonneville, USA Zabuye, China Taijinaier, China 0.0163 4.69 0.01–0.04 5.00–7.00 0.157 9.1 0.068–0.121 9.9–10.3 0.0321 7.06 0.0054 11.8 0.0018 3.70–8.70 0.0012 3.01 0.002 6 0.0057 8.3 0.0489 7.29 0.031 5.63 0.019 0.4 0.07–0.57 1.30–2.40 0.965 2.36 0.018–0.14 0.24–0.97 0.65 1.17 – 2.53 0.5–0.97 0.26–0.72 3.09 0.56 – 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.0026 1.66 2.02 0.44 0.045 2.26–3.9 0.045 0.019–0.09 0.0306 0.0016 0.026–0.036 1.29 – 0.0057 0.0106 0.02 a Adapted from (8, 9) b Please note only cations with high concentrations are provided in addition to Li (10), and the acid treated ion sieves have a general formula of MnO2·xH2O. The primary Li uptake mechanism for the spinel-type sorbents is the Li+/H+ exchange, in which the Li+ can be intercalated/ de-intercalated into the octahedral interstices, with an intact spinel structure (11). Furthermore, the Li+ can be cycled in and out freely within a relatively wide range of Li:Mn molar ratios (12, 13), resulting in several common manganese oxide precursors including LiMn2O4 (10, 12, 14–18), Li1.6Mn1.6O4 (11, 19–26) and Li1.33Mn1.67O4 (19, 27–32). Desorption/ regeneration of the spinel-type sorbents requires contacting the sorbents with acid. Table III lists the ion exchange properties of the lithium ion sieves derived from Li-Mn-O with various Li:Mn molar ratios. The lithium extraction capacity depends on various parameters including the synthetic condition of the precursor materials (20, 33), actual Li:Mn molar ratio (33), temperature and pH of the contact solution (22). Therefore, the reported ion exchange behaviour of a given sorbent can vary between different research groups. To date, the maximum ion exchange capacity of the manganese oxide is 54.65 mg g–1 which was realised recently in Li1.33Mn1.67O4 synthesised from Li2CO3 and MnCO3 (30). The as-prepared Li1.33Mn1.67O4 powders were mixed with a chitosan binder and extruded into cylinder-shaped material (chitosan–LMO, diameter of 0.7 mm). The extraction was carried out in a column system with seawater flowing at room temperature. Nevertheless, the nano-sized Li1.33Mn1.67O4 prepared by a gel process exhibited a slightly lower lithium uptake of 28.2 mg g–1 from artificial seawater (31). In fact, Li1.33Mn1.67O4 prepared from different precursors exhibited different lithium uptake even though the synthetic method and temperature are exactly the same (27). A comparative study showed that ion sieves derived from Li4Mn5O12 (Li1.33Mn1.67O4) exhibited a higher capacity compared to those derived from LiMn2O4 (46.6 mg g–1 vs. 23.9 mg g–1) (10). LiMn2O4 related ion sieve has a relatively lower ion exchange capacity and weak stability due to the Jahn-Teller distortion with cycling. The MnO2 preparation was first reported in 1981 via treating LiMn2O4 with acid (34). It was further confirmed in 1984 that lithium can be cycled in and out of the [Mn2]O4 framework over a wide range of x to form Li1–xMn2O4 (12). The acid treated ion sieve MnO2 obtained from LiMn2O4 nanowire exhibited an ion exchange capacity of ~16.8 mg g–1 from LiCl solutions (15). In later years, the same research group synthesised LiMn2O4 nanorods (15–20 nm in diameter and several micrometers in length) via a one-step soft chemistry method, and the related ion sieve showed a slightly higher extraction capacity of 20.5 mg g–1 from LiCl solutions (14). Li1.6Mn1.6O4 related ion sieve MnO2·0.5H2O has an overall relatively high capacity, which is attributed to the availability of strong acidic sites 163 © 2018 United States GovernmentPDF Image | Lithium Recovery from Aqueous Resources
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)