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https://doi.org/10.1595/205651317X696676 Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2018, 62, (2) (65). Note that this invention of extraction process is applicable to geothermal brine as well as other brine sources. Recently, Li et al. demonstrated safe LIB using Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) electrode materials prepared from Li2CO3 extracted from geothermal brine solutions using Li/Al LDH sorbents with good cyclability (65). These demonstrations provide a promising way for making low cost, large scale LTO electrode materials for energy storage applications. In summary, LiCl·2Al(OH)3·xH2O is an attractive candidate to be applied in large scale plant for extraction of lithium salts from various brines. A detailed study on this sorbent regarding the isotherms is still needed. 3. Recovery of Lithium from Brines by Membranes Membrane processes offer several advantages compared to conventional processes, such as lower energy requirements and capital investments, simple and easy to operate systems, smaller footprints, ease of scalability and many other specific application related advantages. For example, in sorbent based separations in packed and fluidised bed systems, there is a significant pressure drop and loss of sorbent particles. However, both these limitations can be eliminated by the fabrication of mixed matrix membranes including Li+ selective sorbent. Although there is an increasing interest in membrane based Li+ recovery processes, there are only limited published reports discussing techniques such as nanofiltration (2, 5, 21, 66–69), electrolysis (70–72), electrodialysis (73–76), dialysis (74), membrane solvent extraction (77–79) and membrane type adsorbents or mixed matrix membranes (80–84). The summary of these studies is provided in Table V. The first study on the application of nanofiltration for the recovery of lithium from brines used a spiral-wound Desal-5 DL 2540C membrane (GE Osmonics), which showed a 61–67% retention of the Mg2+, while Li+ passed through the membrane, giving a Li+/Mg2+ separation factor of 3.5 (66). A Desal-DK membrane (GE Osmonics) showed a Li+/ Mg2+ separation factor ranging between 2 to 3.2 depending upon the feed Li+ and Mg2+ concentration and their ratio (5, 68). The higher operating pressure, lower pH and higher feed Li+:Mg2+ ratio improved the separation (68). The relative Li+ separation performance of nanofiltration‐NF90 (Dow) and low pressure reverse osmosis-XLE (Dow) membranes was evaluated with salt lake brine (2). NF90 membrane appeared more efficient, showing 100% Mg2+ rejection compared to only 15% for Li+, which was attributed to its higher hydraulic permeability to pure water and 0.1 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, and its lower critical pressure. Recently, novel positively charged polyamide composite nanofiltration membranes were fabricated by the interfacial polymerisation of DAPP and TMC and supported on PAN ultrafiltration hollow fibre membrane (21). The advantage of using hollow fibre compared to the mostly reported flat‐sheet configuration is that the hollow fibres have high packing density, lower energy and maintenance cost and easy fabrication of the modules. The rejection order of this composite hollow fibre membrane was magnesium chloride (MgCl2) > magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) > NaCl ≥ LiCl (21). Functionalisation of the positively charged membrane (fabricated by interfacial polymerisation of TMC and BPEI supported on polyetherimide sheets) with EDTA showed good separation performance with a Li+/Mg2+ separation factor of ~9.2. This was attributed to the tendency of EDTA to form complexes with the divalent cations. It was suggested that the combination of Donnan exclusion, dielectric exclusion and steric hindrance governed the mass transport inside the nanofiltration membranes. Furthermore, it was also indicated that when membrane pore size is close to the ionic radius, steric hindrance plays a significant role in the separation (21, 66, 67). An electrolysis method employing the typical anion exchange membranes (MA-7500, SYBRON and American IONAC®) and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4)/iron(III) phosphate (FePO4) electrodes was investigated for the extraction of Li+ from salt lake brines (70–72). The effect of different parameters on the Li+ extraction performance was studied. At optimised operating conditions, electrodes exhibited a noteworthy Li+ exchange capacity of 38.9 mg g–1 (72). Recovery of lithium from seawater was also demonstrated by an electrodialysis based technique, which uses organic membranes impregnated with an ionic liquid (73, 75). The separation of lithium was mainly achieved based on its relatively lower or higher permeation rates compared to other cations. However, it was suggested that the poor durability of the ionic membrane is a major issue preventing long-term lithium recovery (74). The applied voltage, feed velocity, feed Li+:Mg2+ ratio and pH significantly influenced the Li+/Mg2+ separation factor (76). Supported liquid membranes (SLMs) have also attracted interest, borrowing selectivity from 168 © 2018 United States GovernmentPDF Image | Lithium Recovery from Aqueous Resources
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)