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https://doi.org/10.1595/205651317X696676 Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2018, 62, (2) Table V Summary of Reported Studies of Lithium Extraction Using Membrane Processes Mechanism Lithium Separation or separation source Membrane system factor process Ref. Nanofiltration Electrolysis, electrodialysis, dialysis Membrane solvent extraction Grotthuss Sorption Salt lake brine Salt lake brine, seawater Geothermal water, salt lake brine Binary mixtures of Na+, K+ and Mg2+ with Li+* Seawater, geothermal brine Spiral-wound Desal-5 DL 2540C, spiral- wound Desal DK (GE Osmonics, USA); NF90 and XLE (Dow, USA); Spiral-wound DK-1812 (Suntar Membrane Tech, China), DL-2540; 1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine (DAPP) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) polymerised on the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fibre; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) functionalised TMC and branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) Anion exchange MA-7500 (SYBRON); SelemionTM CMV with ionic liquid TMPA-TFSI; Gore-Tex® impregnated with ionic liquid (PP13-TFSI); Li ion conductive glass-ceramics (Ohara Inc, Japan), ACS (Anion exchange) and CIMS (Cation exchange) (ASTOM, Japan) α-acetyl-m-dodecylacetophenone (LIX54) and tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in kerosene embedded in Celgard® 2500 membrane; tributylphosphate (TBP) + FeCl3 in kerosene with polyethersulfone (PES) and sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (SPPESK) blend; TBP + iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) in kerosene with poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVAL) PSS threaded HKUST-1 metal-organic framework (MOF) Li1.33Mn1.67O4/PVC, Li1.33Mn1.67O4 encapsulated in polysulfone (PSf)/Kimtex, Li1.33Mn1.67O4/PSf/PAN mixed matrix (nanofibre), LDH‐polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/PVDF hollow fibres + 2+ Li/Mg: 2–42 Highly selective recovery of Li+, Li+/ Mg2+: 12–77 >90% extraction of Li+ in 2 h, high Li+ selectivity Li+/Na+: 35, Li+/Mg2+: 1815 >90% Li+ recovery, complete Li+ selectivity (2, 5, 21, 66–69) (72– 76) (77– 79) (80) (81– 85) the incorporated solvent extraction reagents. Ma et al. (77) reported the first study on the extraction of lithium from geothermal water with the SLM technique. A mixture of extractants consisting of LIX54 (the main component is α-acetyl-m-dodecylacetophenone) and TOPO were immobilised in the Celgard® 2500 membrane having 37–48% porosity. The SLM showed 95% extraction of Li+ in just 2 hours; however, it exhibited stable performance for only up to 72 hours before the flux dropped drastically. The decreased stability was attributed to the pressure difference over the membrane sheet, the solubility of the liquid membrane in the adjacent solutions and emulsion formation of the liquid membrane in aqueous solutions (77). To improve the stability of the SLM for Li+ extraction, a nanoporous ion exchange membrane was fabricated by blending PES with sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (SPPESK) as a extractant stabiliser (79). With PES/SPPESK blend membrane and TBP and FeCl3 mixed in kerosene as an extractant, Li+ extraction was performed both in a single-stage extraction and a sandwiched membrane extraction contactor system. The best Li+ extraction performance was obtained at a PES:SPPESK ratio of 6:4 and a polymer concentration of 30 wt%. However, these membranes had limited stability in benzene and toluene despite being stable in kerosene (78, 79). To further improve the stability of the membrane with different solvents, EVAL membranes were 169 © 2018 United States GovernmentPDF Image | Lithium Recovery from Aqueous Resources
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)