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https://doi.org/10.1595/205651317X696676 Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2018, 62, (2) Table VI Chemical Composition of a Typical LIBa Component wt% LiCoO2 27.5 For example, a three-step process (100) was developed to recover cobalt and lithium from the cathode materials: (a) leaching of the cathode materials with HCl (b) separation of cobalt from lithium with solvent extraction (c) precipitation of lithium as carbonate. Employing the same technique, with organic citric acid as the leachant, 90% cobalt and 100% lithium were recovered from end-of-life LIBs (101). Alkaline solution was used to leach the battery’s internal substances followed by dissolving the residue in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution, yielding Li2CO3 (102). The effect of different parameters such as the concentration of the leachant H2SO4, temperature, pulp density and reductant H2O2 concentration on the leaching of the waste was investigated (103). An optimum condition of pulp density, 100 g l−1, 2M H2SO4, 5 vol% of H2O2, with a leaching time of 30 min and a temperature of 75°C, was identified (103). Very recently, several methods to recover lithium and other high value metals such as cobalt from spent LIB have been reported (104–110). From both the viewpoints of environmental friendliness and economic benefits, recovery of lithium from spent LIB is desirable. Nevertheless, most of the recycling processes are still at laboratory scale and much effort needs to be directed into this area. In addition, safety precautions should be emphasised when LIB are dismantled. Summary and Outlook Aqueous lithium mining of continental brines appears to be a promising approach to realise economically Steel/Ni 24.5 Cu/Al 14.5 Carbon 16 Electrolyte 3.5 Polymer a Adapted from (95) 14 Processes to recycle LIBs were first developed for the sake of environmental considerations, since the waste is usually flammable and toxic. It can also achieve some economic benefits as driven by the prices of cobalt and possibly lithium, though they fluctuate drastically depending on their availability. Figure 1 presents a flow sheet of a typical hydrometallurgical process, which is the most common process to recover lithium from spent LIBs. The whole procedure involves physical and chemical processes to complete the following steps: (a) pretreatment of the spent LIBs – dismantling the cells, thermal treatment and mechanochemical process (b) dissolution and leaching of metals from the cathode material with hydrochloric acid (HCl), bioleaching (c) separation of lithium and other metals via solvent extraction, chemical precipitation and electrochemical process (96–99). Dismantling and separation End-of-life LIBs Anode Electrolyte Current collectors (Cu/Al) Stainless steel case Other materials Residue Mixture of metals Fig. 1. Flow sheet of a typical recycling process for spent LIBs Cathode materials Leaching, precipitation Extraction and separation of lithium and other metals 171 © 2018 United States GovernmentPDF Image | Lithium Recovery from Aqueous Resources
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)