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Thermodynamics and Energy Engineering Lithium has various uses, but its abundance in nature is only 0.0018% [7]. The use of lithium on ceramics enriched with Li6 is up to 15% for use in the production of tritium [8, 9]. In addition, enriched Li6 is very expensive, what is commensurate with the value of gold. Consequently, it is necessary to extract and recycle lithium from the waste of solid breeding materials. Hence widespread use of lithium in various spheres, many studies have been conducted to extract lithium from various sources. Lithium demand is expected to grow continuously and dramatically in the com- ing years as different types of lithium batteries are the most promising candidates for powering electric or hybrid vehicles [10, 11]. Lithium batteries include both current technologies such as lithium-ion and growing battery technologies such as lithium-sulfur or lithium-air [12–15]. Lithium demand is projected to increase by ~60% from 102,000 to 162,000 tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent in the next 5 years, with battery applications taking a huge percentage of this growth [16, 17]. It was reported that the present lithium resource in continental and Salar brines is roughly 52.3 million tons of lithium equivalent, mainly in Argentina, Chile and Bolivia, from which 23.2 million tons can be extracted [18]. From the other side, lithium from mineral resources is 8.8 million tons, where there are huge deposits in the United States, Russia and China. Evans estimated lithium reserves and recoverable resources at 29.79 million tons [19]. Meanwhile, the general public mainly associates lithium batteries with portable electronics and electric and hybrid vehicles, large storage capacity lithium batter- ies are also a lead candidate for a possible energy storage solution for the electric grid, intelligent network, etc. Batteries with large capacity are needed to store green energy, wind, that is, sun and waves, all this by their nature intermittent sources of energy [20–30]. Nowadays battling to achieve a greater percentage of green energy, high-capacity batteries or energy banks are mandatory. Basically, if in the near future we want our energy matrix to be highly dependent on renewable energy, energy banks will be needed to provide continuous energy to the grid, during the time these intermittent energy sources are either off or not working completely (no wind, no waves, at night) [20–22]. After all, on its own of the energy source, high-capacity batteries are also an alternative for storing energy during periods of low demand, allowing this excess energy to be re-injected into the grid at high demand peaks [24]. Currently, lithium is relatively not expensive (a ton of Li2CO3 is about 15,000 USD), the market shows that, its price is rising with increasing demand [25]. In China, lithium prices have risen about 300% since 2016, and contract prices for existing manufacturers have risen to more than 16,000 USD per tonne. Because of the exhaustion of lithium ores, recent studies have shown recovery of lithium from seawater, brine and geothermal water. Production of lithium from water resources has become more important due to its wide availability, ease of process and cost-effectiveness compared with its production from various resources [26]. Many methods for extracting lithium from seawater, brines and geothermal water have been reported [27]: solvent extraction, including precipitation, liquid- liquid extraction, selective membrane separation, electrodialysis, ion exchange adsorption, etc. [28–34]. Of these methods, the most attention was paid to ion exchange adsorption methods based on lithium-ion sieves because of their good lithium-ion selectivity and high adsorption properties [35–37]. From the point of view of cost and efficiency, extraction of lithium ions from solutions by ion exchange adsorption is an important method [38]. Various methods of removing lithium from water have been proposed in recent years. In their midst, adsorption has been proven to be a perfect way to extract lithium, offering significant benefits, such as availability, lower cost, profitability, efficiency and easy operation. For lithium removal, various Li adsorbent materials 2PDF Image | Lithium Recovery from Seawater Salt Lake Brine
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)