PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 003
Minerals 2019, 9, 528 3 of 15 Since 1980s, significant efforts have been directed towards investigating on regional geology, evaporitic mineral assemblages, geochemical signatures of brines and sediments, and potential evaluation of valuable elements (such as K, B, Li, Cs, Rb, Br) in salt lakes on the QTP [14–18]. After that, two dominant Li brine deposits have been delineated and developed, including the Zabuye Lake in the Tibet and terminal lakes (Yiliping playa, Xitai and Dongtai lakes, Bieletan section in the Qarhan playa) of Nalenggele River in the Qaidam Basin. In recent years, along with the surging demand of Li and its compounds, preparatory evaporation experiments of brines from several Li-rich salt lakes, including the Laguo Co, Dangxiong Co, Jieze Chaka, Chabo Co, Longmu Co, etc. on the QTP have been completed for future Li extraction [19–31]. In addition, studies on the formation of Li brine deposits in several salt lakes on the QTP have been carried out, including the Zabuye Lake [32], Dongtai and Xitai salt lakes [33–35], Da Qaidam Salt Lake [36,37], Duogecuoren Co. [38], Eya Co [39], Kangru Chaka [40], Rejue Chaka [41]. Even though studies on the hydrochemistry and formation of specific salt lakes on the QTP have been reported, all-round studies on the Li-rich salt lakes on the QTP are still inadequate. Similarly, the relationship between the distribution and evolution of Li-rich salt lakes on the QTP is unclear until now. Since a summary of existing studies would be of great benefit both for improving knowledge of Li brine resources and for further developing brine Li resources, this study reviews and compiles the major and trace (Li, B) ionic compositions of 74 Li-rich salt lakes on the QTP, and attempts to (i) elucidate the hydrochemistry and distribution of Li-rich salt lakes on the QTP and (ii) constrain the formation of Li brine deposits in these salt lakes. In addition, large amounts of research studies on the famous “Lithium Triangle” in South America, which contains the largest Li deposits on Earth, have been reported. Hundreds of geochemical data (major and trace elemental concentrations, and isotopic compositions) of brines in this region were published [42–47]. These studies provide insights into the hydrochemistry, distribution and formation of brines and salts in the salars on the Central Andes. Related literature has been examined in order to draw comparisons with the salt lakes on the QTP. 2. Overview of Analytical Methods Most of the geochemical data of the Li-rich salt lakes on the QTP were reported from the Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The analyses for major ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO 2−, Cl−, HCO −, CO 2−) of brines generally followed the procedures of The 433 Introduction to Analyzing Methods of Brines and Salt Deposits [48]. K+ and SO42− concentrations were measured by gravimetric methods through precipitation of potassium tetraphenylborate and BaSO4, respectively. Ca2+ and Mg2+ were determined by the ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) titration. Cl− concentrations were determined by AgNO potentiometric titration. HCO − and CO 2− were 333 analyzed by the hydrochloric acid (HCl) titration. Na+ concentrations were calculated by charge balance ((NCO 2− + NHCO − + NCl− + NSO 2−)−(NK+ + NCa2+ + NMg2+)) (N represents ionic equivalent 334 value). The analytical errors for major cations and anions are better than 2%. B concentrations were usually determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with errors ≤3% or by mannitol titration with errors ≤2%. Li concentrations were generally determined by the atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) with errors ≤0.5%. 3. The Hydrochemistry and Distribution of Li-rich Brines in Salt Lakes on the QTP There are more than 300 salt lakes (total dissolved solids (TDS) >35 g/L, which defines the lower limit of the salinity of a salt lake) among numerous lakes (~2500) with an area of >1 km2 on the QTP [12,13]. These salt lakes are mainly distributed in the western part of the QTP, which is in accord with the stronger aridity of this area compared to the eastern part of the QTP [49]. It is reported that over 80 salt lakes on the QTP contain brines (surface and/or intercrystalline brines) with Li+ >50 mg/L [50]. Of which, seventy-four salt lakes (containing brines with Li+ >25 mg/L, which is the industrial requirement for comprehensive utilization of brines in China [11]) were compiled in thisPDF Image | Lithium-Rich Brines in Salt Lakes on the Qinghai-Tibetan
PDF Search Title:
Lithium-Rich Brines in Salt Lakes on the Qinghai-TibetanOriginal File Name Searched:
minerals-09-00528.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |