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Minerals 2019, 9, 528 4 of 15 study (Figure 1). The water chemistry and B, Li concentrations of the other Li-rich salt lakes were unavailable until now. In addition, it is noteworthy that there are three Li-rich lakes (Daze Co, Selin Co and Dangreyong Co) (Figure 1) that are not salt lakes, but their Li+ concentrations are 34 mg/L, 41 mg/L and 51 mg/L, respectively. Most of Li concentrations of brines in these Li-rich salt lakes on the QTP range from 100 to 300 mg/L, which is lower than those (mean Li concentrations varying from 82–1400 mg/L) of brines from salars in the South America, such as Uyuni, Salar de Atacama and Hombre Muerto salars [2,47]. These Li-rich brines in salt lakes on the QTP can be classified as the carbonate, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and chloride types according to the Kurnakov-Valyashko hydrochemical classification. From the southwest to northeast, the carbonate-type, the sodium sulfate-type and the magnesium sulfate-type salt lakes are presented sequentially and present horizontal zoning (Figure 1). This zoning is in agreement with the evolution of natural lake waters along with the increasing aridity from the south to the north on the QTP. Similarly, there are three areas on the QTP, where the Li-rich salt lakes are clustered, the Tibet, Hoh Xil area and the Qaidam Basin (Figure 1). Tectonically, Li-rich salt lakes in the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes are close to the Bangong-Nujiang and Longmucuo-Shuanghu suture zones, and those in the Songpan-Ganzi-Hoh Xil terranes are near the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan and Kangxiwar-Mutztagh-Maqin suture zones (Figure 1) [18]. This suggests that the vicinity to the suture zone may be a controlling factor for the Li-enrichment in the studied brines. The Li-rich salt lakes in the Qaidam Basin, which is the largest intermontane basin on the northern QTP, are mainly distributed in the central of the basin. The terminal lakes (Yiliping playa, Xitai and Dongtai salt lakes, Bieletan section of Qarhan playa) of Nalenggele River, originating from eastern Kunlun Mountain, have higher Li concentrations than other lakes in the Qaidam Basin (Table 1). Different types of brines have distinct major-ion compositions. Generally, the solutes in most brines are dominated by Na and Cl with less Mg and SO4 (Figure 2a). The Ca and CO3 + HCO3 have elevated concentrations only in the carbonate-type brines (Figure 2a). Compared to the sodium sulfate-type brines, the magnesium sulfate-type brines have higher Mg2+ concentrations (Figure 2a). The TDS of the Li-rich brines in salt lakes on the QTP range from ~35 to 555 g/L. The average TDS of brines are carbonate-type (143 g/L) < sodium sulfate-type (169 g/L) < magnesium sulfate-type (247 g/L) < chloride-type (295 g/L), while the average Li concentrations of brines are magnesium sulfate-type (183 g/L) < chloride-type (196 g/L) < carbonate-type (224 g/L) < sodium sulfate-type (322 g/L) (Figure 3a). No obvious correlation between the TDS and Li concentrations is observed in these brines (Figure 3a).PDF Image | Lithium-Rich Brines in Salt Lakes on the Qinghai-Tibetan
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