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2.1. Nanofiltration membrane Nanofiltration (NF) has been applied for lithium extraction from brine on the basis of both Donnan exclusion and steric hindrance, which make it capable of rejecting multivalent ions but allowing monovalent ions to pass [17]. In general, the typical mass ratio of Mg2+ and Li+ is larger than 20 in the lithium-rich brine [11]. The selective separation of Li+ becomes more challenging with an increasing in the Mg2+/Li+ ratio. Wen et al. [18] first investigated the applicability of NF for the recovery of LiCl from diluted brine by using a Desal-5 DL membrane. The separation factor of Li+ over Mg2+ (SLi,Mg) could reach 3.5. Another commercial membrane Desal DK with a negatively charged surface was chosen to separate lithium from synthetic brine with a mass ratio of Mg2+ and Li+ of 24 [19]. SLi,Mg was 2.6 at the operating pressure of 1.0 MPa. A similar SLi,Mg of 3.3 was obtained in the study of Sun et al. by using the Desal DL-2540 membrane module for treating a synthetic brine with the mass ratio of Mg2+ and Li+ of 64 [20]. Other commercial DK-1812 and NF90 membranes also exhibited almost 85% separation between Mg2+/Li+ for the diluted salt-lake brine [21–22]. To further enhance the filtration stability, Li et al. [23] evaluated the effects of salinity and pH on the separation of Mg2+/Li+. The flux decreased significantly with an increase in the feed salinity because of the high viscosity and the severe concentration polarisation. Although pH had little effect on the flux, it was better to separate Li+ and Mg2+ under low pH conditions because of the enhanced dielectric exclusion to multivalent ions. The solution pH was crucial in a two-stage NF process [24]. At a lower pH value of 3.5, the Mg2+/Li+ ratio decreased from the initial value of 13.25 to 0.17 after separation by the two-stage NF process. In contrast to negatively charged membranes, positively charged NF membranes present a more efficient separation of multi-valent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ because of the Donnan exclusion [25]. This property is particularly crucial for the separation between 7PDF Image | Membrane based technologies for lithium recovery from water lithium
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)