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Membranes 2020, 10, 371 4 of 14 amount used in the lithium precipitation reaction. When all of the Na2CO3 wass added into the LiCl Membranes 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 14 solution, the solution was stirred for 1 h to mature the lithium carbonate, and then the Li2CO3 was filtered out. The obtained lithium carbonate was washed twice with deionized water and dried to Li2CO3 was filtered out. The obtained lithium carbonate was washed twice with deionized water and obtain the Li CO product. dried to obta2in th3e Li2CO3 product. In general, the comprehensive membrane process is shown in Figure 1. In general, the comprehensive membrane process is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the comprehensive membrane process. EID, electrochemical Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the comprehensive membrane process. EID, electrochemical intercalation-deintercalation; NF, nanofiltration; RO, reverse osmosis. intercalation-deintercalation; NF, nanofiltration; RO, reverse osmosis. 2.2.2. Analytical Methods 2.2.2. Analytical Methods The concentration of Li+, Na+, K+ and Mg2+, and Ca2+ in the solutions was measured by The concentration of Li+, Na+, K+ and Mg2+, and Ca2+ in the solutions was measured by inductively inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Thermo Scientific iCAP-7200, coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Thermo Scientific iCAP-7200, Shanghai, Shanghai, China agent), and the concentration of SO42− was measured by ion chromatography China agent), and the concentration of SO42− was measured by ion chromatography (ICS- (ICS-5000/DIONEX, Thermofisher Scientific, Shanghai, China agent). The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 5000/DIONEX, Thermofisher Scientific, Shanghai, China agent). The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns were measured via a BRUKER D8 ADVANCE using Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.54056 Å). patterns were measured via a BRUKER D8 ADVANCE using Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.54056 Å). The The morphology of Li2CO3 was detected by a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL JSM-6490LV, morphology of Li2CO3 was detected by a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL JSM-6490LV, JEOL (BEIJING) CO., LTD., Beijing, China agent). JEOL (BEIJING) CO., LTD., Beijing, China agent). 2.2.3. Calculation 2.2.3. Calculation The separation factor (SF) of lithium and magnesium was calculated as Equation (1): The separation factor (SF) of lithium and magnesium was calculated as Equation (1): C /C Li/ Mg SF=Li Mg (1) SF=C′ /C′ (1) calculated as Equation (2): as Equation (2): Mg −1 ′ −1 ’ ′ /′ Li Mg CV−CV 00 tt Li Mg + 2+ whereSFistthesseeparrattiionffaaccttorrooffLLii+andMg2+,,CLi iissttheconcentrationoflithiumintheobtained −1 −1 ′ solution (g··L−1)),, CMg isistthee concenttrattiion of magnesium in the obtained sollutiion ((g··L−1),, CLi’ is the Li concenttrattiionooffliltihthiuiummininthtehefefeeded(g·(Lg·L),)a,nadndCCMgisitshtehceoncocnencetrnatriaotnionf mofamgnaegsniuemsiurmetarienteadiniendthine Mg thefeed(g·L ). feed (g·L−1). −1 The recovery of lithium (RE) for the electrolytic intercalation-deintercalation system was The recovery of lithium (RE) for the electrolytic intercalation-deintercalation system was calculated t Li − 0 R = ×100% (2) E CV (2) = ×100% 00 where RE is the recovery of lithium in the brine, C0 is the initial concentration of lithium in the brine (g·L−1), V0 is the initial volume of the brine (L), t is the sampling time (h), Ct is the concentration of lithium in brine at t (g·L−1), and Vt is the volume of brine at t (L).PDF Image | Membrane Process for Preparing Lithium Carbonate
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