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sodium and magnesium. Over the ranges of pressure and temperature examined from 200 bars to 250 bars and from 60°C to 85°C we did not observe a measurable effect on the extraction process, as long as the solubility of extractants and cation exchangers in the ScCO2 phase is maintained. Changing the ratio between the cation exchanger, crown ether extractant, and lithium can however greatly affect the extraction efficiency of lithium and the selectivity towards lithium over other metals. In further optimization of this process a closer look at these ratios could result in a more efficient and selective process than the one presented in this research. A very minimal difference is observed in these experiments between using the fluorinated 14- crown-4 (F14C4/HDEHP) and methylene-14-crown-4 (M14C4/HDEHP) in the extraction. The difference is most pronounced in the case of extraction at 60°C and 250 bars with a 50-fold crown ether and cation exchanger excess, with respect to lithium. In this case the lithium extraction efficiency is higher for the F14C4/HDEHP system than the M14C4/HDEHP system; 7% versus 1% extraction efficiency. The best results in terms of overall lithium extraction efficiency and lithium selectivity in this research were achieved with the extraction system with either F14C4 or M14C4, at 60°C and 250 bars, with a 300-fold excess of HDEHP and a 50-fold excess of F14C4 or M14C4. For F14C4 the extraction efficiency of lithium was 30%, the sodium extraction efficiency was 27%, and the magnesium extraction efficiency was 52%. For M14C4 the extraction efficiency of lithium was 30%, the sodium extraction efficiency was 30%, and the magnesium extraction efficiency was 51%. Lithium recovery from geothermal brines is not commercially operated anywhere in the world at the present time, although it has been evaluated by a number of parties, so a direct comparison with industrial operations was not possible. Nonetheless, we did compare the results of this research to traditional lithium mining from salt lake brines. The overall recovery of lithium in traditional salt lake mining is generally about 40% or lower (Tahil, 2007). This recovery is the result of a two-year long process that utilizes solar evaporation for brine concentration. Our extraction process, operated on a synthetic geothermal brine with a 10 mg/L lithium concentration, had a maximum lithium extraction efficiency of 30%. In addition to there not being a very significant difference in the lithium recovery, in our process we concentrate lithium from 10 mg/L in the geothermal brine to 5,000 mg/L in the produced fluid from the extraction process. Further research on this process will involve converting it from a batch process to a continuous process. Additionally, the cation exchanger and crown ether excess should be optimized further, and the possibility of using other commercially available cation exchanger could be studied. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the Leifur Eiriksson Foundation, the Landsvirkjun Energy Research Fund, the Geothermal Resource Council and the Iceland Chamber of Commerce for funding, and Dr. Robert Fox and Dr. Laura Sinclair for all their support. Palsdottir and TesterPDF Image | Mining the Future Lithium
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)