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Separations 2022, 9, 180 5 of 16 2.5. Mean Pore Size and Pore Size Distribution The molecular weight cut off (MWCO) and effective membrane pore size were de- termined via different molecular weights of 0.2 g·L−1 PEGs (200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1500 Da) under 0.4 MPa and 20 ± 0.5 ◦C. The stokes diameter (d, nm) of PEG could be calculated according to its average molecular weight (Mw) by Equation (4). The pore size distribution of membranes was calculated by Equation (5) [31–35], where dp (nm) is the pore size in diameter, σp is the ratio of solute diameter at a rejection rate of 84.13%, and 50%, μp (nm) is the geometric mean diameter of the solute at a rejection rate of 50%. d = 33.46 × 10−3 × Mw0.557 (4) dFdp 1 lndp − lnμp2 dd= √exp− 2 (5) p dplnσp 2π 2lnσp 2.6. Antifouling Property of Membrane The antifouling property was investigated in the cross-flow filtration module by BSA (IEP = 4.7, 0.1 g·L−1, pH = 6.95) and lysozyme (IEP = 10.7, 0.1 g·L−1, pH = 6.68) solution respectively. To reach a steady state, the membrane was pressurized with pure water at 0.4 MPa and 20 ± 0.5 ◦C for 1 h, and the volumetric permeate flux (Jv0) was measured every 20 min. The BSA solution was continuously fed for 2 h and the steady flux (Jv1) was measured every 20 min. After that, the tested membranes were washed with pure water at 0.1 MPa and 20 ± 0.5 ◦C for 20 min, and the permeate flux of pure water (Jv2) was measured again under the same operating conditions. After repeating the BSA antifouling test twice, the membranes were cleaned again, the BSA solution was replaced with a lysozyme solution and the same procedure was performed as described above. The steady flux (Jv, L·m−2·h−1), relative flux (RF), flux recovery ratio (FRR), total fouling ratio (FRt), reversible fouling ratio (FRr), and irreversible fouling ratio (FRir) were calculated by Equations (6)–(11), respectively: JV= V (6) A×∆t RF= Jv1 ×100% (7) Jv0 FRR= Jv2 ×100% (8) Jv0 FRt = Jv1 1 − J × 100% (9) FRr = FRir = J v0 Jv2 1 − J v0 v0 Jv2 − Jv1 × 100% (10) × 100% (11) 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Characterization of g-C3N4-96 The FTIR spectra of g-C3N4-96 are shown in Figure 2a. In the spectrum of g-C3N4, the absorption peak at 802 cm−1 corresponds to the characteristic breathing mode of triazine units, while those peaks in the range of 1234–1637 cm−1 are assigned to the stretching vibration of C-N and C=N heterocycles, which are similar to those reported in previous studies [36,37]. The broad peak in the range of 3000–3500 cm−1 is owed to the stretching vibrations of N-H or N-H2 originated from uncondensed amino groups [38]. In Figure 2b, a typical ultrathin nanosheets-like architecture with a crinkly structure is observed for g-C3N4-96. This is because urea-inorganic ammonium salts were used asPDF Image | Nanofiltration Membrane Using Polydopamine Carbon Nitride
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